Body Composition Differences Among Individual, Team, and Combat Sport Athletes Enrolled in a Spanish Sports Technification Program
Jorge Alarcón-Jiménez, Alberto Pardo, N. Bernardo, Laura García-Martínez, Javier Gámez-Paya, Javier Bonastre-Férez et al. · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · 2026
Background: Sports training induces functional and structural adaptations that may influence body composition, particularly during adolescence when growth and maturation are still occurring. Although anthropometric characteristics have been extensively studied within individual sports, comparative analyses among different sport categories remain limited. The
Aim: of this study was to compare body composition characteristics among athletes participating in individual, team, and combat sports within a Spanish Sports Technification Program.
Methods: A total of 118 young athletes (62 males and 56 females) from the Valencian Sports Technification Centre participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were classified into three sport categories: individual sports (athletics, swimming, and triathlon), team sports (handball and volleyball), and combat sports (karate and taekwondo). Anthropometric assessment was performed according to the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) protocol. Body composition variables, including fat mass, muscle mass, and bone mass, were estimated using established anthropometric equations. Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametric tests, with
Significance: set at p < 0.05.
Results: After adjustment for multiple comparisons, significant differences remained between sport categories for several body composition indicators. Athletes from the individual sport group showed a higher muscle mass percentage and lower body fat percentages estimated using the Withers, Faulkner, and Carter equations than those from the team sport group. Similarly, estimated body fat percentages were lower in the individual sport group than in the combat sport group across all three equations. Team sport athletes presented higher absolute fat and muscle mass than combat sport athletes. However, some differences identified in the initial analyses, including fat mass and bone mass percentage between the individual and team sport groups and muscle mass percentage between the team and combat sport groups, did not remain statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons.
Conclusions: Body composition characteristics differed among the groups of young athletes participating in the specific individual, team, and combat sports included in this study. Within this cohort, athletes from the individual sport group generally exhibited lower body fat levels than those from the team and combat sport groups, whereas differences were also observed in other anthropometric characteristics. These
Findings: should be interpreted within the context of the specific sports included and should not be generalized to individual, team, or combat sports as a whole. The
findings may assist coaches, sports scientists, and health professionals in the monitoring and development of young athletes participating in similar sports and development programs.