Mechanisms of hamstring strain injuries in sprinting: an integrative scoping review of intrinsic, biomechanical and modifiable risk factors

This scoping review aimed to bring together evidence from muscular architecture, biomechanics, training physiology and injury history-fields that have been examined individually in the past-to clarify how intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence hamstring strain injury development. A systematic literature search of three databases was undertaken in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Peer-reviewed studies covering the mechanisms of hamstring strain injuries were reviewed and 32 articles met the eligibility criteria and methodological quality assessment. Multiple intrinsic/outside risk factors for Hamstring strain injuries (HSIs) were identified in this review. The biceps femoris long head is at risk with eccentric loading due to the narrow width of the aponeurosis and stress applied through previous injury/biomechanical overload during late swing/late stance. Anterior pelvic tilt, trunk flexion, hip flexion, lower leg angular velocity, add to the risk of injury especially where previous injuries caused architectural/motor control changes. Factors that can be changed such as targeting resistance training can decrease the risk for HSIs while suddenly stopping training or muscle fatigue increases risk via increased muscle stiffness and the likelihood of reinjury. This scoping review compiles multi-disciplined evidence to support the argument that the hamstrings do not form a unitary structure. Systematic Review Registration https://osf.io/ , identifier afjek.