The Effects of Muscle Soreness-Based Modified Training on Physical, Physiological, and Competition Performance in Cross-Country Skiers

This study aimed to investigate the effects of muscle soreness-based modified training on the physical, physiological, and competition performance of cross-country skiers. A total of 30 cross-country skiers, aged 15–20 years, who had participated in competitions organized by the Turkish Ski Federation for at least five years, voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were divided into an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). Anthropometric measurements including height, body weight, body fat percentage (PBF), lean body mass (LBM), and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. Cardiopulmonary parameters were assessed using a maximal exercise test to determine VO₂max, VCO₂, respiratory quotient (RQ), maximum heart rate (HR), and VO₂max/HR ratio. One week later, the Wingate anaerobic test was conducted to evaluate peak, average, and minimum power, power drop, and total energy production. The experimental group followed a 12-week training program modified according to muscle soreness levels assessed using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale, while the control group continued their routine training program. Data were analyzed using paired-samples and independent t-tests (p < 0.05). Significant improvements were observed in the experimental group in peak, average, and minimum power, as well as total energy production in Wingate test

Results: . Cardiopulmonary variables, including VO₂max, HR, and VO₂max/HR, also showed significant improvements. Between-group comparisons revealed significant differences in favor of the experimental group for anaerobic and selected cardiopulmonary parameters. Additionally, competition performance outcomes indicated significant improvements in race times, durations, and time differences in favor of the 2024 season. Muscle soreness-based modified training programs positively influence physical, physiological, and competition performance in cross-country skiers and can be considered an effective alternative training approach.