Endurance & Cardiovascular

Hypoglycemia limits endurance performance without carbohydrate ingestion, but what limits it when blood glucose is maintained via periodic carbohydrate ingestion?

This study examined why endurance exercise has to stop, comparing two scenarios: when you don't eat carbs (where low blood sugar appears to trigger fatigue) and when you do eat carbs periodically (where blood sugar stays normal but fatigue still occurs). The findings suggest that without carb intake, dangerously low blood glucose is the main brake on performance, but when you maintain blood glucose through eating, other factors like overheating, cardiovascular stress, or muscle damage become the limiting factors instead.

Extended Long-Term Effects of Cognitive and Aerobic Training on Cognitive Function in Patients With Stress-Related Exhaustion Disorder: A 4.5-Year Follow-Up of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study tracked 56 patients with stress-related exhaustion disorder for 4.5 years after they received either a standard rehabilitation program, or that program plus computerized cognitive training (CCT) and/or aerobic training (AT). Computerized cognitive training showed sustained improvements in global cognitive performance, updating ability, and episodic memory that persisted from the 1-year to 4.5-year follow-up, while aerobic training did not produce long-term cognitive benefits.

Resistance Training for Cyclists: Scientific Evidence and Practical Recommendations.

This review examines how resistance training affects cycling performance, body composition, and bone health, finding that 1-2 weekly sessions of moderate-to-heavy strength work with compound lower-body exercises improves key cycling indicators without causing unwanted muscle gain. The study also suggests resistance training may help address low bone density in competitive cyclists, though the benefits depend heavily on proper programming and timing relative to endurance work.

Multidimensional physiological adaptations to intensive training in elite sepak takraw athletes: an embedded mixed-methods study

This study tracked 16 elite sepak takraw athletes over a 17-week intensified training camp, measuring physiological improvements in aerobic capacity, muscular endurance, power, speed, and agility alongside athletes' subjective experiences recorded through journaling. The researchers found that athletes improved across all measured fitness domains, but responded to training in different ways, and that performance gains came after periods of accumulated fatigue and recovery rather than in a straightforward linear progression.

Hubungan Chrononutrition, Fat-Free Mass, dan Tingkat Konsumsi dengan VO₂Max Atlet Sepak Bola Remaja

This study examined how meal timing (chrononutrition), lean body mass, and overall nutrient intake relate to aerobic capacity (VO₂max) in teenage soccer players. The researchers found that lean body mass was significantly associated with VO₂max, while energy intake, macronutrient consumption, and meal timing patterns showed no significant relationship.

Physiological and biomechanical characteristics of a Hyrox world champion—a case study

Researchers measured the fitness and movement characteristics of a world-champion Hyrox athlete (a hybrid fitness race combining running with strength exercises like rowing, carries, lunges, and burpee jumps) before and after completing a simulated race. The athlete showed excellent aerobic capacity, particularly strong running efficiency, and his step rate during running changed based on which strength exercise he had just completed.

Validity of the garmin Forerunner 265 to predict VO2max and race performance times.

This study tested whether the Garmin Forerunner 265 fitness tracker could accurately estimate VO2max and predict race performance times compared to actual measured values. The Garmin consistently overestimated VO2max and predicted faster half-marathon times than what runners actually achieved, though the errors were small enough that the device may still be useful for tracking fitness trends over time.

Chronic Excessive Exercise Aggravates Apical Periodontitis in Mice.

This study examined how overtraining affects apical periodontitis (a tooth root infection) in mice by comparing sedentary, moderately trained, and overtrained groups. Chronic excessive exercise worsened the bone destruction caused by apical periodontitis and eliminated the protective benefits that moderate aerobic training normally provides.

Stanozolol, an anabolic-androgenic steroid, modulates expression of receptors and disrupts uterine histoarchitecture in Mus musculus.

This study examined how stanozolol, a commonly abused anabolic steroid, affects the uterus in female mice over 30 days of treatment. The researchers found that stanozolol disrupted normal uterine structure, altered hormone receptor expression in different parts of the uterus, and shifted hormone levels in ways that suggest interference with the body's natural hormone regulation system.

Effects of acute Capsaicin analogue intake on athletic performance: a three-level meta-analysis

Effects of yoga-based and conventional physiotherapy programs on functional, respiratory, and psychosocial outcomes in stage II sarcoidosis: A randomized controlled trial.

Effort perception and endurance running performance following prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): a randomized crossover-controlled trial.

When the Mind Gives Out Before the Body: How Psychological Traits Predict Sustained Performance Under Maximal Exertion.

Pancar Suyu Tüketiminin Erkek Voleybolcuların Aerobik ve Anaerobik Performansı Üzerine Etkisi

Effects of Core Training Combined with Small-Sided Games on Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players: An 8-Week Randomized Trial

Efektivitas Latihan Futsal Berbasis Small-Sided Games terhadap Peningkatan VO2max Siswa SMAN 19 Garut

The Effects of Muscle Soreness-Based Modified Training on Physical, Physiological, and Competition Performance in Cross-Country Skiers

Effects of a Low-Carbohydrate Diet Combined With Exercise on HbA1c in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Bayesian Multilevel Network and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.

Strategic Application of Post-exercise Cold-Water Immersion to Enhance Performance Recovery and Adaptation: An Umbrella Review of 15 Published Systematic Reviews with Meta-analysis.

Maternal cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with metabolic hormone concentrations in human milk

Development of Physical Fitness in Young Athletes: A Longitudinal Meta-analysis.

EFEITOS DA SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE CREATINA E BETA-ALANINA SOBRE O DESEMPENHO FÍSICO EM ATLETAS E INDIVÍDUOS TREINADOS

Effects of concurrent training sequence on cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Effect of ventilatory support pressure during exercise on endurance time in patients with COPD: a systematic review.

Physical activity and weight reduction in female recreational participants

Physiological responses to 10 days of heart rate-clamped heat acclimation in hot-dry and hot-humid environments.

Exercise-driven neuromuscular junction plasticity: integrating motor-neuron adaptation, synaptic remodeling, and glial support.

Using Statistical Time-Series Forecasting to Predict the Resting Heart Rate From Wearable Device Data: Case Report.

Combined exercise training and resveratrol supplementation modulate diabetes-related factors and mitochondrial biogenesis in male diabetic rats exposed to acute acoustic stress

This study examined how combining exercise training with resveratrol (a compound from grapes) affects metabolic health and mitochondrial function in diabetic rats that were exposed to stress. Without an available abstract, we cannot specify the main findings from this research.

Effectiveness of EMOM and Tabata Training Methods Towards VO₂max, Muscular Endurance, And Muscular Strength of Flag Raising Team Students of SMA N 1 Ngluwar

Combined Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation and aerobic training mitigate cognitive and behavioral impairments in ovariectomized rats.

Pengaruh Interval Training terhadap Peningkatan Daya Tahan VO₂max pada Siswa yang Mengikuti Ekstrakurikuler Futsal di MTs NW Ijobalit

Exercise-mimicking effect of exogenous lactate administration: Promoting visceral fat reduction via ventromedial hypothalamic SF-1 neurons in female rats.

This study in female rats found that administering lactate—a byproduct of high-intensity exercise—reduced visceral fat mass and increased resting fat burning more effectively than moderate-intensity aerobic training by activating specific neurons in the brain's hypothalamus. When these neurons were chemically blocked, lactate's fat-loss and metabolic benefits disappeared, suggesting lactate works through this specific neural pathway to mimic the fat-loss effects of intense exercise.

Influence of rowing cadence on the gross efficiency of professional traditional rowers

This study tested whether changing rowing cadence (20, 25, or 30 strokes per minute) affected the gross efficiency (a measure of how much energy rowers use to produce power) in 20 elite traditional rowers. On average, cadence didn't significantly change efficiency across the group, but individual rowers responded very differently to cadence changes, with less experienced rowers showing more variable responses.

Increasing Cardiorespiratory Endurance Through Interval Training Method in Class X Students at SMK Negeri 6 Makassar

This study tested whether six weeks of interval running training (three times per week) could improve cardiovascular fitness in high school students, measured by a running endurance test. The results showed a significant increase in maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) from 36.42 to 40.87 mL/kg/min after the training period.

Aerobic training prevents the stress-induced endothelial dysfunction in male and female Wistar rats by different pathways.

Seasonal Changes in the Peak-to-Sustained Power Profile of Elite Sprint Kayakers

Multi-domain physical fitness profiles and machine learning classification by sport category across 13 competitive sports

Heart Rate Responses During Official Kick Light Competition and Their Associations with Ventilatory Thresholds and VO<sub>2</sub>max: An Exploratory Study.

Physical And Physiological Responses to Training and Their Association with Performance Outcomes in Young Sub-Elite Middle Distance Runners

Atrial fibrillation among women in endurance sports: sex-specific risk and mechanisms.

This review examines how high-volume endurance training relates to atrial fibrillation risk in women compared to men, finding that women can tolerate substantially higher training doses (up to ~83 MET-h/week or 10-12 hours of moderate-to-vigorous training weekly) before their AF risk increases. While extreme endurance training may elevate AF risk in both sexes, women have a broader protective window than men, and sex hormones and autonomic factors appear to influence how training affects heart rhythm vulnerability.

Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Enhances Repeated High‐Intensity Interval Training Performance and Time Above 90% of V˙O2max in Well‐Trained Cyclists

This study examined how sodium bicarbonate supplementation affected well-trained cyclists during high-intensity interval training and sprint efforts. The researchers found that cyclists who took sodium bicarbonate produced more power output during both high-intensity intervals and repeated sprints, and spent more time working at very high oxygen uptake levels, compared to placebo.

Impact of intensity, duration and type of acute and chronic exercise on the immune response in lung cancer – application of the FITTT-principle

This review examines how different types of exercise—particularly high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate continuous exercise—affect immune function in lung cancer patients, using the FITTT principle (frequency, intensity, time, type, timing) as a framework. While the abstract doesn't report completed study results, it emphasizes that even single exercise sessions can stimulate immune responses that may work alongside cancer treatment.

Effects of Physical Exercise on Hematological Parameters and Immune Function in Young Adults: A Comprehensive Review

This review examines how different types and amounts of physical exercise affect blood cell counts and immune function in healthy young adults, factors often overlooked in previous research that has focused mainly on older people or professional athletes. The review notes that moderate consistent exercise enhances immune function, while overtraining can harm it, and identifies various factors like exercise intensity, nutrition, and lifestyle stress that influence these responses.

Addition of once-weekly aerobic training to ongoing resistance training in a patient with prior lobectomy for congenital pulmonary airway malformation: A case report.

This case report follows one adult who had a lung removed in infancy and now has restricted breathing capacity as he added once-weekly aerobic training to his ongoing resistance training program. After the intervention, he showed improvements in heart rate efficiency during walking, strength gains in bench press and leg press, and better respiratory quality of life scores, though the study cannot prove the aerobic training caused these changes.

Strenuous Exercise Elicits Sex-Specific Cardiovascular Maladaptation in a Rodent Model: Atrial Fibrillation and Vascular Risk in Females.

This study examined whether chronic high-intensity exercise causes similar cardiovascular problems in female rats as it does in males, using a 16-week treadmill training program. Both sexes developed atrial fibrillation risk and heart dysfunction, but females showed distinct vascular damage patterns and different gene expression changes, suggesting sex-specific mechanisms underlying exercise-induced cardiovascular harm.

Effects of concurrent high-intensity interval training and strength training on muscle function and aerobic capacity.

This meta-analysis compared doing strength training alone versus combining it with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to see how each approach affects muscle strength, power, and aerobic performance. The results showed no meaningful difference in maximum strength or jumping power between the two approaches, though certain types of HIIT (short and long protocols) showed a slight negative effect on jumping power compared to strength training alone.

Effectiveness of Fartlek Training on Maximum Oxygen Consumption and Resting Pulse Rate in Relay Runners

Beyond VO<sub>2max</sub>: Integrated Physiological Phenotyping and Candidate-Gene Analysis of Elite Versus Recreational Endurance Runners.

Toward a multidimensional fitness paradigm: a critical review and agenda for science, practice, and policy

This paper proposes redefining physical fitness beyond traditional measures like strength and endurance to include mental, social, occupational, and digital dimensions—recognizing that factors like emotion regulation, social connectedness, and digital literacy matter for overall wellbeing and performance. The authors argue that classical fitness definitions from organizations like ACSM and WHO are physiologically sound but incomplete, and they synthesize research from multiple fields to outline a framework with measurable indicators across five interacting dimensions, though the framework itself remains to be empirically validated.

Supervised versus non-supervised exercise intervention for blood pressure reduction in patients with hypertension and prehypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis compared supervised exercise programs to unsupervised exercise programs in people with high blood pressure, looking at which approach lowered blood pressure more effectively. Supervised exercise was found to reduce systolic blood pressure about 3.5 mmHg more than unsupervised exercise (particularly with aerobic training), but there was no meaningful difference between the two approaches for diastolic blood pressure.

Flow-Mediated Dilation in Competitive Athletes: Non-linear Associations and Haemodynamic Characteristics.

This study reviewed multiple controlled studies comparing how well blood vessels relax (measured by flow-mediated dilation) in competitive athletes versus non-athletic controls, finding no clear overall difference between the groups. Endurance athletes showed somewhat higher vessel relaxation than controls in secondary analyses, but strength and mixed-sport athletes showed less conclusive results, with substantial variation across studies suggesting sport type matters.

Comparative efficacy of exercise and nutritional interventions on serum IGF-1 levels in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

This systematic review analyzed 19 studies comparing how exercise and nutritional interventions affect IGF-1 levels (a growth hormone marker) in older adults with frailty or muscle loss. Combined training and resistance training both significantly increased IGF-1 compared to control, though resistance training plus nutrition showed the largest effect overall, albeit not statistically significant.

Comparative efficacy of exercise modalities on cardiometabolic health in older adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Mitigating exertional heat illness risk and preserving performance in mass-participation endurance events: a real-world analysis of a graded cooling and fluid replacement strategy.

Randomised controlled trial of partitioned aerobic exercise training using one-leg cycling in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

This study compared one-leg versus two-leg cycling training for people with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (a serious lung disease) who struggle with breathlessness during exercise. The one-leg training group improved their exercise endurance significantly more than the two-leg training group, with one-leg cyclists able to exercise for about 10.5 minutes longer before exhaustion after 6-8 weeks of training.

Sex differences in metabolic flexibility in transition from rest to submaximal running.

This study compared how well-trained men and women adjust their fuel usage when transitioning from rest to moderate-intensity running. Women showed greater metabolic flexibility than men, meaning they more readily shifted to burning fat as their energy demands increased during exercise.

Factors that affect the maximal oxygen uptake

This literature review examined what factors influence maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), which is a key measure of your aerobic fitness and endurance capacity. The study found that VO₂max is affected by gender, altitude of residence, nutrition, body mass index, physical activity level, and body fat percentage—with higher activity levels and better nutrition supporting better VO₂max, while higher BMI and body fat correlating with lower values.

Small-sided games as an integrated training strategy: effects on aerobic endurance and passing performance in adolescent soccer players - a randomized controlled trial.

This study tested whether eight weeks of small-sided games (SSG) training improved aerobic endurance and passing performance in adolescent soccer players compared to regular technical-tactical training. The SSG group showed significant improvements in both aerobic endurance (measured by Yo-Yo IR1 test) and passing performance (measured by Loughborough Soccer Passing Test) compared to the control group.

Systematic review of the effects of concurrent training on maximal oxygen uptake and skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptation: A meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis compared concurrent training (combining resistance and endurance work) against endurance training alone to see how each affects maximal oxygen uptake and muscle mitochondrial adaptation. Overall, concurrent training didn't significantly improve VO2max compared to endurance training alone, though in untrained people or during shorter 16-week programs, concurrent training with reduced endurance volume led to smaller VO2max gains.

The Effects of Different Dietary and Glycogen-Loaded Two-a-Day Training Approaches on Muscle Damage and Inflammatory Markers for Enhancing Metabolic Efficiency

Citius, Maius, Melius: Mitochondria and Endurance Performance.

This review examines whether mitochondria (the energy-producing structures in muscle cells) are key drivers of endurance performance. While studies show that better endurance athletes typically have more and better-functioning mitochondria, and that training can improve both mitochondria and performance, the relationship isn't absolute—improving oxygen delivery alone can boost performance even without mitochondrial changes, suggesting the cardiovascular system matters just as much.

Efektivitas Latihan Small-Sided Games terhadap Peningkatan Kondisi Fisik Pemain Sepak Bola Usia Muda: Sebuah Tinjauan Literatur

Metabolic Effects of a GLP-1 Analog Combined with Aerobic Training in Ovariectomized Rats.

This study examined how semaglutide (a GLP-1 drug) combined with aerobic exercise affects metabolic health in a rat model of menopause, finding that the combination produced complementary improvements in blood sugar control, fat storage, and cholesterol levels. Both semaglutide alone and exercise alone improved various metabolic markers, but their combination offered additional benefits like increased muscle glycogen and enhanced cellular energy-sensing pathways.

Static and dynamic functional network alterations associated with endurance training.

Researchers compared brain network organization between 25 endurance athletes and 31 non-athletes using brain imaging, finding that athletes had stronger connections within motor, sensory awareness, and cognitive control brain networks. The study also explored how these brain networks reorganize over time during rest, though most of these dynamic changes didn't reach statistical significance.

Associations of light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity with health-related outcomes: findings from the FINFIT 2017 and 2021 studies

Acute Effects of Honey-Based Carbohydrate Beverage on Intermittent Exercise Performance and Heart Rate Recovery in Recreational Athletes

Creatine formulations and repeated sprint training: effects on physical and physiological adaptations in soccer players during the short-term preparation phase.

This study compared four groups of college soccer players—three taking different types of creatine supplements and one taking placebo—over a 4-week training program with repeated sprint drills, measuring their improvements in jumping, sprinting, and power output. All supplement groups improved more than placebo, with creatine ethyl ester and creatine hydrochloride forms showing the best gains in vertical jump, sprint speed, running agility, and peak power output.

Fuel Doesn't Fix It: Oculomotor Control Declines During 3 Hr of Exercise Irrespective of Carbohydrate Availability.

This study examined whether drinking a carbohydrate solution during 3 hours of cycling could prevent declines in eye-tracking control, comparing it to a placebo in nine male cyclists. Regardless of whether participants received carbohydrates or placebo, their eye movement speed and precision declined after exercise, suggesting the decline comes from central nervous system fatigue rather than fuel depletion.

High-intensity interval training in aged female mice preserves physical, cognitive, and cardiovascular function.

This study tested whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) could preserve physical, cognitive, and cardiovascular function in aging female mice compared to sedentary controls. HIIT significantly improved aerobic capacity, strength, motor function, executive function, lowered blood pressure, reduced cardiac fibrosis, and delayed frailty onset.

Biomarkers and arterial stiffness. A sub-analysis of the "Exercise training in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and permanent atrial fibrillation: A randomized clinical trial".

This study examined whether 12 weeks of supervised aerobic exercise could reduce inflammatory markers and arterial stiffness in heart failure patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. The exercise group showed significant reductions in several inflammatory and heart stress biomarkers (BNP, ANP, IL-6, TNF-α, and angiotensin II), while the control group showed increases in most of these markers; however, the effect on arterial stiffness was unclear, with the exercise group remaining stable but the control group worsening, though this difference wasn't statistically significant.

Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training on Aerobic Capacity, Muscle Strength, and Agility Among Football Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Perbedaan Pengaruh Continuous Running Dan Skipping Terhadap Peningkatan Vo₂ Max Pada Pemain Sepak Bola

An Efficient Biological Codon Recognition Reservoir Computing System Based on Low-Energy Epitaxial Hf<sub>0.52</sub>Zr<sub>0.48</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Ferroelectric Memristors.

This study is about electronic devices called ferroelectric memristors made from hafnium-based materials that could be used in artificial neural networks. The researchers demonstrated these devices can recognize genetic codons with over 97% accuracy while using extremely low power consumption.

Hubungan Somatotipe Dan Status Gizi Dengan Performa Atlet UKM Taekwondo Universitas ’Aisyiyah Yogyakarta

This study examined whether body type (somatotype) and nutritional status relate to aerobic performance in taekwondo athletes, measuring performance via a fitness test converted to VO2 max. The researchers found no significant relationship between any component of body type or nutritional status and the athletes' aerobic performance.

Early post-exercise physiological and perceptual responses following different sprint interval training configurations in highly trained national-level swimmers: a randomized crossover study

This study compared four sprint interval training configurations in elite swimmers to measure their immediate effects on perceived exertion, heart rate, and blood lactate levels during recovery. The shorter repetitions (12 × 25m) produced lower blood lactate, while medium-distance repetitions (10 × 35m) created the highest perceived exertion and heart rate.

Sex-Based Differences in Anthropometric Profiles and Physiological Responses to High-Intensity Strength-Endurance Exercise in Paramedic Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Field-based and laboratory monitoring tools in aerobic gymnastics: a scoping review of measurement properties, physiological relevance, and change following training or competitive exposure

Exploratory case comparison of gut microbiome functional potential in ultramarathoners differing in adiposity and finish time.

This study compared the gut bacteria and their functional capabilities between two ultramarathoners who finished the same 217 km race with very different outcomes—one lean and fast, one obese and slow. The lean finisher showed more stable microbial function after the race with activity focused on protein and nucleic acid processes, while the obese finisher experienced larger shifts in bacterial function and different patterns of short-chain fatty acids.

Exercise-based interventions for pain management in individuals with spinal cord injury: A scoping review.

This scoping review examined what types of exercise-based interventions have been studied for managing pain in people with spinal cord injuries, looking across multiple pain types and exercise modalities from 2000-2025. The review found that movement-based interventions showed favorable results for shoulder pain, but results were mixed for aerobic exercise and general pain, while emerging approaches like virtual reality and mind-body therapies remain understudied and need more rigorous investigation.

PENGARUH LATIHAN INTERVAL TRAINING DAN SHUTTLE RUN TERHADAP PENINGKATAN VO2MAX PADA ATLET TAEKWONDO PENGADILAN NEGERI PALEMBANG

Training and Preparation Methods Relevant to Elite 5000 m Track Performance: A Systematic Review.

Aortopathy: limitations of diameter-based decision-making: a case report.

Metabolic and Arterial Stiffness Correlates of Aerobic Capacity in Male Occupational Personnel.

Researchers measured body composition, blood markers, and arterial stiffness in 102 male tactical/occupational workers to see what best predicts aerobic fitness (VO₂peak). Higher fat mass and greater estimated arterial stiffness were linked to lower aerobic capacity, while higher HDL ('good') cholesterol was linked to higher aerobic capacity, and these relationships were not strictly linear.

Effects of supervised exercise immediately after bariatric surgery: results from the EFIBAR randomized trial.

Positional Differences in VO2max Among Youth Football Players in a School-Based Sports Program

Effects of intrinsic aerobic capacity on an isometric forelimb resistance exercise task and bulbar motor function in aging rats

Strength and Aerobic Determinants of 2000-m Rowing Ergometer Performance: Comparative Analysis of Expert versus Novice Rowers

Limited reproducibility of endurance training adaptations - Could measurement error play a major role?

Physical fitness and pulmonary function in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: a comparative study with healthy peers.

Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Exercise Capacity, Rehospitalization, and Survival After Lung Transplant.

Effects of Morning vs Afternoon Training over 4 Weeks on Aerobic Capacity in University Students-Athletes

Study of the Physical Condition of Al-Azhar Pencak Silat Athletes in Kepahiang Regency

Fractional Utilization of V˙O2max-A Key Performance Determinant in Endurance Sports?

Influence of exercise and nutrition on sarcopenia in cardiovascular disease: a Scientific Statement of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

Mechanism-based nutritional strategies for performance and recovery in soccer players: a qualitative research synthesis.

Exercise elicits mitonuclear protein imbalance and UPR<sup>mt</sup> in the liver of mice with obesity.

Interstitial glucose during sanctioned competition and during high‐intensity training in highly trained collegiate male endurance athletes: A real‐world continuous glucose monitoring study

Interstitial glucose during sanctioned competition and during high-intensity training in highly trained collegiate male endurance athletes: A real-world continuous glucose monitoring study.

Comparison of Different Exercise Modalities on Neuronal Plasticity and Spatial Memory.

Training Status Modulates Perceptual Responses During Constant-Load Cycling at Maximal Metabolic Steady State.

Cardiorespiratory adaptations to high-intensity interval training in young boxers: A randomized controlled study.

Gamified Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation in a Child Undergoing LVAD Bridging Therapy to Heart Transplantation: A Case Report.

This is a single-case report of a 6-year-old girl who received a game-based cardiopulmonary rehab program while on a heart pump (LVAD) and after a heart transplant, with exercises adapted to each phase of her recovery. The authors report she improved in breathing function, muscle strength and exercise tolerance, going home on day 44 with normal heart function (EF 69%, NYHA I), full muscle strength and a 260 m 6-minute walk, with no rehab-related complications.

Correction to "A Microcycle of High-Intensity Short-Interval Sessions Induces Improvements in Indicators of Endurance Performance Compared to Regular Training".

This is a publisher's correction notice for a study on whether a short block of high-intensity short-interval training sessions improves endurance performance markers compared with regular training. No abstract or results are available, so nothing can be concluded about the findings here.

Effects of Highly Branched Cyclic Dextrin-Based Carbohydrate and Protein Co-Ingestion on Endurance Capacity and Metabolic Response in Soccer Players: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Effects of cold-water immersion after rugby-specific training on endurance performance.

Endurance exercise and central fatigue: A bibliometric and visualization analysis over 2 decades (2005-2024).

The Impact of Overtraining on Anxiety-Like Behavior and Tight Junction Proteins of the Blood-Brain Barrier in Mice.

The efficacy of physical exercise on body mass index in schizophrenia patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis on exercise prescription, intensity, and delivery.

Comparative effects of aerobic training modalities with and without blood flow restriction on maximal and peak oxygen uptake in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis.

An Integrated Analysis of Physiological Determinants of Field Performance in Professional Handball Players: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study

Solunum Kas Güçlendirme Uygulamalarının Sportif Performans Belirleyicileri Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Time-resolved energy-share reconstruction of individual glycolytic flux kinetics reveals duration-dependent bias in elite sprint cycling

Impact of living and training at low altitude for several years on endurance performance at higher altitude: Myth or reality.

Strength-Based Exercise Is Not Associated With Ventricular Arrhythmia in Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy-Towards Safer Exercise Options.

Air Pollution Impairs Marathon Performance: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of 2.7 Million Finishers Across Six World Marathon Majors.

Physical Performance Profiling of Elite Female Sepak Takraw National Athletes A Modern Sport Science Approach

Perbedaan Pengaruh Brisk Walking Exercise dan Interval Walking Training terhadap Peningkatan Daya Tahan Kardiovaskuler Pada Lansia

Effects of home-based isometric handgrip or aerobic training on blood pressure variability and vascular health in older adults with elevated blood pressure and hypertension: secondary results from The HoldAge Trial.

High-intensity interval training preferentially improves cardiac function via enhanced histone lactylation and macrophage polarization in SAMP8 mice.

Effects of mindfulness training on running performance in a tropical climate.

6 weeks of fartlek-style endurance training does not alter physiological responses to mild cold exposure but attenuates the cold-induced plasma noradrenaline response: A randomized, matched control trial

Associations Between Health‐Related Physical Fitness and Accelerometry‐Based Energy Expenditure in Physiotherapy Workers

Validity and reliability of the six-minute pegboard and ring test for assessing upper limb functional capacity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Researchers tested whether a simple six-minute pegboard and ring test (moving rings on a pegboard as fast as possible for six minutes) can measure upper-body function in 40 people with rheumatoid arthritis. Repeat scores were highly consistent (ICC = 0.963), and results tracked well with arm-cycling aerobic capacity, moderately with grip strength, and with self-reported arm/shoulder/hand disability, so the authors call it a valid, low-cost alternative to lab testing.

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS): A Review.

This review summarizes what's known about POTS, a chronic disorder of the autonomic nervous system where standing up triggers a heart rate jump of at least 30 beats/min (40 in teens) without a blood pressure drop, along with symptoms like lightheadedness, palpitations, fatigue, brain fog and exercise intolerance. It affects roughly 0.1%-1% of Americans, mostly young women, often follows an infection in 30%-40% of cases, and about 70% of surveyed patients reported major loss of work or school function with a median 24-month delay to diagnosis. First-line management is non-drug: more fluid and salt, lower-body compression garments, avoiding heat and prolonged standing, and structured supervised aerobic training, with medications added individually though the supporting evidence is limited.

The effect of sex and endurance exercise training on the incretin signaling pathway in 17 rat tissues.

Researchers mapped where incretin hormone receptors (the targets of GLP-1 drugs) are expressed across 17 rat tissues, plus human data, and then tested how 1-8 weeks of treadmill training changed that signaling. Endurance training shifted receptor expression in sex- and tissue-specific ways, including lowering Gcgr in brown and white fat and adrenal glands, and altering Gipr in the adrenal glands, brain cortex, and hippocampus.

The Effect of Eight Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Maximum Oxygen Consumption, Post-Exercise Lactate Response and Lipid Profile in Soccer Players

Researchers had 30 young soccer players (19-25) either add high-intensity interval training three times a week for eight weeks on top of their normal team practice, or just do normal practice. The HIIT group improved estimated VO2max, had lower blood lactate after exercise, and improved blood lipids (lower triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL, higher HDL), while the control group showed no significant changes.

The effect of 8 weeks of plyometric jump training on repeated sprint ability and aerobic capacity in young soccer players

Researchers had 24 teenage male soccer players either add plyometric (jump) training twice a week to their normal soccer practice for 8 weeks, or just keep doing normal practice. The jump-training group improved their best and average times in a 6 x 35 m repeated sprint test and their estimated VO2max, while the control group got slightly worse in average sprint times and VO2max.

Nicotine and Tobacco Products in Sport and Exercise: A Scoping Review of Use Patterns, Exercise Performance, Physiological Responses, and Health Outcomes

This review pooled existing research on how nicotine and tobacco use relates to athletic performance, physiology, health, dependence, and doping rules. Nicotine use among competing athletes was fairly common (especially in men and team sports), but performance effects were inconsistent — a few endurance, repeated-sprint and skill tasks showed possible benefits while most strength, anaerobic and time-trial studies showed none, and smoking was linked to worse lung function, lower VO2max, and slower heart-rate recovery.

Polyphenol-Rich <i>Euterpe oleracea</i> Mart. Seed Extract Improves High-Fat-Diet-Induced MASLD Through Modulation of Hepatic Mitochondrial Respiration, Biogenesis, and Redox Homeostasis.

Layered clothing during cold endurance training as a practical strategy to mitigate perceptual strain in the heat: strengths and limitations.

This is a commentary letter on a study where people did five days of endurance cycling in cold conditions (10 "which which raised their body heat strain during training because they wore layered clothing. According to the letter, that approach selectively lowered perceptual strain "such as rated exertion and thermal sensation "during later exercise in the heat, though the authors note limits regarding actual thermoregulatory adaptation, performance testing, and how widely the findings apply.

Contribution of Aerobic Physiological Variables to 500 m Sprint Kayak Performance in National-Level Athletes: A Hierarchical Regression Analysis

The Athlete's ECG: Sport-Specific Patterns, Physiological Remodeling, and Clinical Interpretation.

This review looks at how heart-rhythm (ECG) readings change in athletes as the heart adapts to training, and how those patterns differ by sport type. It reports that endurance athletes commonly show a slow resting heart rate, early repolarization and high QRS voltages from volume loading, strength athletes show pressure-overload signs like high QRS voltages with relatively higher resting heart rates, and mixed-sport athletes fall in between; most findings are benign, but T-wave inversion in lateral, inferolateral or anterolateral leads needs further workup.

Thermal sensitivity and aerobic scope in paralarvae of Octopus tetricus.

Researchers measured how water temperature affects the metabolism and aerobic scope of newly hatched gloomy octopus (Octopus tetricus) paralarvae, testing six temperatures from 12 to 27 °C over the first four days after hatching. Aerobic scope peaked at about 19 °C, with both colder and hotter water reducing performance, and thermal sensitivity was extremely high right after hatching before easing by day four.

The Relationship of Certain Physiological Indicators and Achievement Level in 800-meter Runners

Researchers measured a set of physiological markers in 15 randomly selected 800-meter runners from clubs in Babylon province and compared them with race performance. They found no significant relationship between the physiological variables measured and performance level.

Glucose but not fructose ingestion improves endurance cycling performance despite similar neuromuscular fatigue at exhaustion.

Seven recreationally active cyclists rode at their maximal lactate steady state until failure while drinking a placebo, or 60 g/h of glucose or fructose, with muscle fatigue, blood glucose and lactate, heart rate and perceived exertion tracked along the way. Glucose extended time to failure by about 25% versus placebo while fructose did not, and the researchers concluded the benefit came from better blood glucose maintenance rather than less neuromuscular fatigue.

Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of Croatian national football team players

Researchers profiled 17 elite players from the Croatian national football team, measuring blood lactate, relative oxygen uptake (VO2max), height, body mass, and body fat by playing position. Players averaged 10.46 mmol/L blood lactate and 60.91 mL/kg/min relative oxygen consumption, indicating well-developed aerobic and anaerobic capacity, with profiles differing by position in line with each role's tactical and physical demands.

THE EFFECTS OF HIIT AND TABATA CIRCUIT TRAINING ON THE ENDURANCE OF ATHLETES AT PION MAS SCHOOL GROBOGAN SOCCER ACADEMY

Researchers split 20 male youth soccer players (ages 12-15) into two groups doing either HIIT or Tabata circuit training, then measured endurance with a beep-test estimate of VO2max. Both methods significantly improved endurance; HIIT produced a slightly bigger VO2max gain, but the difference between the two methods was not statistically significant (p = 0.058).

Strength Training Integration in Elite Cross-Country Skiers: A Retrospective Analysis of Real-World Training Practices.

Researchers reviewed detailed season-long training logs from 17 world-class cross-country skiers (Olympic/World Championship/World Cup medalists) to see how they fit strength work around endurance training. Strength training made up about 6% of annual training time (~50 h/year, ~76 sessions, roughly every 5 days), was mostly core and heavy lifting, and was almost always paired with easy low-intensity endurance work on days with reduced endurance load, while rarely sharing a day with high-intensity endurance sessions.

Polyphenols, Gut Microbiota, and Exercise Triad Supports Performance.

This narrative review pulls together mechanistic and human studies on how polyphenols (plant compounds in fruits, vegetables, and cocoa) interact with gut bacteria and exercise. The authors report that polyphenols act like prebiotics, boosting beneficial microbes such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Lactobacillus, and may reduce exercise-induced inflammation, protect gut lining integrity, improve blood vessel function, and increase fat oxidation, with gut-produced short-chain fatty acids adding further benefits to performance and recovery.

Coffee and Physical Performance: What Is Driven by Caffeine and What Is Not.

Overground running incurs a higher energetic cost than treadmill running at a 1% grade: A comparison of running economy, oxygen cost of transport, and energy cost in endurance athletes

Twelve trained male runners ran the same stepwise speed protocol (8-15 km/h) both on a treadmill and outdoors on a 400 m track while their breath-by-breath oxygen use was measured. Overground running cost more oxygen and energy than treadmill running at all intensities, with the biggest gaps near ventilatory threshold, and it also burned proportionally more carbohydrate close to VT2 — suggesting the standard 1% treadmill incline correction doesn't fully match outdoor demands.

A Comparative Analysis Of High Intensity Interval Training And Low Intensity Interval Training In Male College Volleyball Players

Running Momentum as a Potential Complement to Aerobic Speed in Evaluating Performance in Male Football Players

Dual-pillar phenotype of elite deaf female soccer players: reduced aerobic capacity and repeated-sprint ability coexisting with enhanced explosive power.

Researchers compared 18 elite deaf female soccer players with 21 hearing top-tier players on lab treadmill testing, repeated-sprint (RAST) and countermovement jump performance, adjusting for body fat and training experience. The deaf players had lower aerobic capacity (45.8 vs 50.3 mL/kg/min) and lower repeated-sprint peak power (6.1 vs 7.2 W/kg), reported breathlessness rather than leg fatigue as their limiting symptom, and greater hearing loss was linked to shorter time to exhaustion; the paper reports an explosive power advantage alongside these deficits.

Impact of Combined Core Strength, Balance and Visual Skill Training on Selected Skill-Related Physical Fitness and Performance Variables of School-Level Badminton Players in Tirupathur District: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Researchers gave school-age badminton players in Tamil Nadu a 12-week programme combining core strength, balance, and visual (eye-tracking/coordination) training, then compared them with players doing their usual training. The trained group showed greater gains in agility, dynamic balance, explosive power, eye-hand coordination, and badminton skill performance than the control group.

Long non-coding RNAs in exercise: the hidden regulators of adaptation.

This review pulls together current evidence on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) — regulatory molecules that don't code for proteins — and their role in how the body adapts to exercise in muscle, heart, blood vessels and brain. The authors report that specific lncRNAs appear to influence muscle fiber type and mitochondria, distinguish healthy from harmful heart enlargement, and may show up in blood as markers of training adaptation, though they note mechanistic evidence so far covers only a handful of these molecules.

Analysis of Cardiorespiratory Endurance Differences Across Playing Positions of Collegiate Rugby 15s Players in Kenya

Researchers tested 31 collegiate rugby 15s players in Kenya on peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and lactate threshold before and after an 8-week endurance conditioning program, comparing forwards with backs. Backs had higher VO2peak (about 48-49 vs 44 ml/min/kg) and higher lactate thresholds than forwards both before and after training, and both groups showed modest improvements after the program.

Musculoskeletal Pain in Unsupervised Gym-Goers: Prevalence and Anatomical Distribution

Researchers surveyed 100 regular gym-goers aged 18-30 who trained 4-5 days a week without a personal trainer, using a standard questionnaire to ask where they had musculoskeletal pain. 92% reported pain in at least one body region, most often the lower back (36%), shoulder (24%), upper back (22%), and neck (21%).

Gut microbiome and functional adaptations to paleo and rational diets in professional athletes: a pilot study

Ten professional male handball players were randomly assigned to eat either a Paleo diet or a conventional ("rational") diet of equal calories for 8 weeks, with stool samples analyzed at the start, 4 weeks and 8 weeks to track gut bacteria. Neither diet substantially changed the core gut microbiome, though the rational diet produced some specific bacterial and functional shifts; the Paleo diet was lower in carbs and higher in (mostly unsaturated) fats, and both diets fell short on vitamin D, with the Paleo group also low in calcium.

Effects of plyometric and core training on swimming performance in prepubescent swimmers

Researchers had 30 prepubescent swimmers do eight weeks of land-based training on top of their normal pool work: one group did plyometrics, one did plyometrics plus core work, and one just swam as usual. Both training groups improved sprint times at 15 m, 25 m, and 50 m in all four strokes, plus core strength and vertical jump, while anaerobic power rose only in the plyometrics-only group and the control group showed no changes.

Acute effects of the 1-minute sit-to-stand test (STST) on immune-metabolic stress indices

Researchers had 28 healthy adults do a 1-minute sit-to-stand test and took fingertip blood samples before, right after, and for 45 minutes afterward to track lactate, glucose, and immune cell counts. The single minute of effort pushed lactate above the anaerobic threshold (>4 mmol/L) and significantly raised white blood cell, lymphocyte, and granulocyte counts, with leukocytes returning to baseline within 30 minutes while granulocytes stayed elevated; lactate changes tracked with the immune cell changes.

Association between Somatotype Characteristics and Changes in Body Fat Percentage Following Exercise Intervention Among Overweight Adults

Researchers put 42 overweight and obese adults into one of two 12-week exercise weight-loss programs, grouping them by body type (somatotype) using the Heath-Carter method and tracking body fat with bioelectrical impedance. Neither body type nor which program people did significantly affected changes in body fat percentage, and there was no interaction between the two.

Run Smart, Run Strong: Exploring the Role of Physiotherapy in Running Load Management and Injury Prevention Among Recreational Runners

This narrative review pulled together six randomized trials on recreational runners to see whether physiotherapy-style exercise and smarter training-load management reduce running injuries and improve performance. It reported that a multi-component exercise programme cut overall and overuse running injuries, HIIT and plyometrics improved power, sprint speed and agility, while isolated hip/core or ankle/foot drills produced only small biomechanical changes with no clear clinical benefit.

The influence of high-intensity interval training on the development of speed strength abilities in 16-17-year-old taekwondo athletes

Researchers tested whether a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program could improve speed-strength (explosive power) in 20 competitive taekwondo athletes aged 16-17, split into a control group and an experimental group that followed a custom HIIT program mixing speed-strength, strength, and sport-specific drills. The abstract describes the study design and testing methods but does not report the actual results.

Crianças praticantes de artes marciais possuem melhor coordenação motora, atenção e função executiva

Researchers compared 51 children aged 7-11 in Brasília, 23 who trained in martial arts and 28 who did other sports, using tests of body composition, motor coordination (KTK), attention, and cognitive flexibility (Trail Making A/B). The martial arts group showed better motor coordination and faster information processing and execution than the comparison group.

Association Between Core Endurance , Flexibility and Balance and their Interrelationship among Bharatanatyam Dancers: A Rapid Review

This rapid review gathered existing studies on core endurance, flexibility, and balance in Bharatanatyam dancers, an Indian classical dance form demanding strength, stability, and range of motion. The reviewed studies suggest dancers outperform non-dancers on these measures and that greater core endurance is linked to better balance and postural control, though inconsistent testing methods across studies made direct comparisons difficult.

Developing a method for assessing and promoting paramedics' physical capacity: Part I - Physically most strenuous work tasks and physical strain of Finnish paramedics on 12-hour day shifts

This is the first part of a Finnish research project aiming to develop a way to assess and improve paramedics' physical fitness, focusing on the most physically demanding tasks and the strain experienced during 12-hour day shifts. No abstract was available, so the study's methods and findings can't be summarized here.

Carbon monoxide and other “tricks” in sports: does the winner take it all?

This is an opinion piece, not an experiment: it uses the trend of athletes repeatedly inhaling carbon monoxide (and using simulated-altitude hypoxia) as an example of risky shortcuts chased in elite sport. The author notes CO inhalation has been banned by cycling's governing body and WADA over safety concerns, that its performance benefits are unproven and possibly offset by inflammation and toxicity, and argues that lasting success comes from years of consistent, evidence-based training rather than tricks.

A common WBGT limit activates unequally across Grand Slam tennis venues because dry heat suppresses the wet-bulb term

Researchers used a decade of hourly weather data to calculate wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) at the four tennis Grand Slam venues and check whether the same WBGT heat-policy thresholds get triggered equally. They found they don't: the very hot but dry Australian Open never hit the suspension threshold despite air temperatures up to 44 °C, while the humid US Open came closest, and at matched air temperatures (33–37 °C) WBGT ran about 3.2 °C higher in New York than in Melbourne.

Technopreneurial Physical Education Model Integrating South Sumatran Traditional Games

Researchers built and tested a physical education program for elementary school students in South Sumatra, Indonesia, that runs traditional local games as circuit-style activities with a structured warm-up, core, and reflection format. After field testing with pretest-posttest measures, students showed significant gains in physical fitness and critical thinking, plus high engagement and participation.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle morphology is independently associated with neck strength and endurance in athletes and para-athletes

Researchers used ultrasound to measure the size (cross-sectional area) of the sternocleidomastoid, a main neck muscle, in 195 men including athletes, para-athletes, and active controls, then compared it to neck strength, endurance, and range of motion. Bigger SCM muscles were linked to stronger and longer-lasting neck flexion even after accounting for age, BMI, grip strength, and sport type, while plain neck girth did not explain performance in the same way; SCM size was not independently tied to neck extensor strength and was slightly linked to less extension range of motion.

Influence of Aerobics Training on Physical Health: The Auxiliary Effect of Sportswear Design on Cardiopulmonary Function and Sports Performance

Researchers put 20 female aerobics athletes through 8 weeks of training, with one group wearing gradient compression sportswear and the other ordinary cotton kit. The compression group showed bigger gains in VO2max (13.4% more) and lactate threshold (14.4% higher), used 10.6% less energy, had 33.3% less muscle vibration, and reported less perceived exertion and better thermal comfort.

Living with the aftermath: family experiences of managing concussion and sport-related head injury

Researchers interviewed 10 family members (parents, partners, spouses, adult children) of people who had suffered sport-related head injuries to understand what living with the long-term effects is like. Families reported that they spotted problems early but were dismissed by medical, school, and sporting bodies, leaving them to take on exhausting, unsupported roles coordinating care and managing crises across fragmented systems.

The Effect of a Repetitive Feeding Challenge With Carbohydrate Versus Fat on Markers of Gastrointestinal Integrity and Systemic Outcomes in Response to Endurance Exercise.

Researchers had 36 endurance athletes do a 2-hour run with carb gels while measuring blood markers of gut damage and inflammation, then had them train for a week taking either a fat supplement (nut butter) or a carb gel during exercise, and retested. Neither supplement raised markers of gut injury, endotoxin leakage, or inflammation, and gut symptoms weren't linked to those markers; only the carb group showed a drop in the inflammation marker CRP.

Physiological profile after a combined high‑intensity interval training and Fartlek training program in amateur basketball players: A pilot study

Eight amateur male basketball players did an eight-week program combining high-intensity interval training and Fartlek running, and were tested for estimated VO\u2082max (via shuttle-run tests) and repeated countermovement jump performance. Estimated VO\u2082max didn't change, but players seemed better able to hold their jump height across repeated sets after the program, hinting at improved lower-body fatigue resistance.

Potential effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate and exercise on brain aging and age-related disorders: implications for immunometabolic regulation and muscle–brain–immune crosstalk

This review pooled 24 studies on the leucine metabolite HMB to see whether it affects brain aging, inflammation, and immune-metabolic health, especially alongside exercise. Most studies showed gains in strength, physical performance, and function (often without much added muscle mass), but direct brain-specific evidence was lacking, and exercise itself appeared to be the main driver of the benefits, with HMB playing only a supporting, context-dependent role.

Regulation of hepatic PNPLA3 gene expression by aerobic exercise and echium officinalis in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Researchers gave rats with fatty liver disease (from a high-fat diet) eight weeks of interval treadmill running, an Echium officinalis herbal extract, or both, then measured liver enzymes and expression of PNPLA3, a gene tied to liver fat handling. Both the training and the herb lowered ALT (a liver enzyme) versus untreated rats, with smaller changes in AST, and PNPLA3 expression dropped in all treated groups — most in the group that combined exercise with the herb.

DELTA: Strengthening human biological resilience with an N=1 digital health and dynamic biomarker protocol

DELTA is a single-person (N=1) self-experiment in which one healthy participant combined time-restricted eating, strength and cardio training, a Mediterranean-style diet, and supplements while tracking blood biomarkers, sleep wearables, microbiome, and AI-based analytics. The paper describes the protocol and proposes new 'dynamic resilience' metrics based on how biomarkers respond to challenges like fasting; it reports no group results, since it is a methods paper on one individual.

Associations of resting plasma adenosine triphosphate, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stress biomarkers with cardiorespiratory fitness in combat sport athletes: a pilot cross-sectional study

Researchers took resting fasted blood samples from 21 combat sport athletes and checked whether markers of energy metabolism (ATP), antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stress related to their VO2 max from a treadmill test. Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was strongly and consistently linked to higher VO2 max, MDA showed a weaker link, while ATP, SOD, and GPX showed little independent association.

Effects of exercise snacks on physical and mental health among sedentary students: a randomized controlled trial study protocol

This is a study protocol (a plan, not results) for a 12-week randomized trial testing short bursts of stair climbing "exercise snacks" spread through the day in 60 sedentary university students, compared with a usual-lifestyle control group. It will measure changes in aerobic fitness (VO2max) as the main outcome, plus mental health, other physical health measures, and metabolic and inflammatory blood markers. No findings are reported yet because the trial has not been run.

Temporal multi-omic analysis uncovers sex-biased molecular programs underlying skeletal muscle adaptation to endurance training.

Researchers combined many layers of molecular data (metabolites, gene activity, proteins, and chemical tags on proteins) from rat calf muscle after 1-8 weeks of endurance training, comparing males and females. Gene and protein responses were mostly similar between sexes, but chemical modifications differed: females showed less oxidation of mitochondrial proteins and more oxidation of glycolytic proteins than males, hinting at sex-specific handling of exercise-related oxidative stress.

Increasing gut short-chain fatty acids protects intestinal barrier function but does not spare muscle glycogen or impact aerobic performance.

Twelve active men spent 7 days eating a controlled diet with either a special resistant starch engineered to release short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the colon or a regular starch, then did 90 minutes of cycling plus a 5 km treadmill time trial. The SCFA-boosting starch raised gut and blood SCFA levels and reduced markers of intestinal barrier damage and leakiness, and slightly shifted fuel use toward carbohydrate, but it did not spare muscle glycogen or improve time-trial performance.

Effect of Extensive Interval Training on Endurance Performance in Long-Distance Runners

Researchers had 15 male long-distance runners (aged 20-27) complete a program of extensive interval training, testing their endurance before and after with the 12-minute Cooper run test. Average distance covered rose from about 1,835 m to 1,929 m, a statistically significant improvement in endurance.

Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Physical Fitness and Skill-Related Performance in Badminton Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Researchers pooled 8 studies (202 badminton players aged 10-19) that compared high-intensity interval training against traditional badminton training, with HIIT programs running 8-10 weeks, 2-4 sessions weekly of 30-90 minutes. The analysis found HIIT significantly improved sprinting ability and agility compared with usual badminton training.

Cardiorespiratory and autonomic trajectories in cadets training for general versus strength endurance, with differential ventilatory economization: a 4-month observational study.

Researchers followed 52 male military cadets for 4 months, comparing those doing mainly general endurance training with those doing strength-endurance training, and measured resting heart, blood pressure, breathing and autonomic function. Only the strength-endurance group showed significant changes — a lower resting heart rate (about -10%) and roughly 24% lower resting minute ventilation and oxygen uptake — and the only reliable difference between groups was this breathing 'economization'; heart-rate variability measures didn't change significantly.

Interleukin-1 signaling contributes to endurance training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations.

Researchers trained one hindlimb of normal mice and mice genetically lacking the inflammatory signal interleukin-1 (IL-1) using electrical stimulation three times a week for five weeks. Normal mice improved muscle endurance and mitochondrial function (more PGC-1\u03b1, citrate synthase, respiratory chain proteins, hexokinase 2), while IL-1-deficient mice showed none of these gains and had blunted p38 MAPK signaling after exercise.

The Role of Physical Therapy Across the Transplant Trajectory in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, A Systematic Review and Clinical Framework.

Researchers pooled 10 randomized trials (537 adults) testing exercise and physical therapy before, during, and after allogeneic stem cell transplants. Breathing-muscle training beforehand improved respiratory strength and walking distance, and supervised multimodal exercise during hospitalization blunted losses in aerobic fitness and strength, though effects on fatigue and quality of life were inconsistent and the evidence was rated low to very low certainty due to small, biased trials.

A trans-therapeutic signature of recovery in internet gaming disorder: From shared network reorganization to molecular underpinnings.

Researchers pooled brain scans from 269 people with internet gaming disorder who had completed one of five self-regulation treatments (including approach-bias training, aerobic exercise, and mindfulness) to see whether the treatments changed the brain in similar ways. All five reduced gaming-disorder severity, and all shared a common brain-connectivity shift in subcortical networks that predicted improvement, while each treatment also left its own distinct connectivity signature.

The effectiveness of polarized versus high-intensity training in moderately trained cyclists: a randomized parallel-design study.

Nineteen moderately trained cyclists and triathletes did 3 weekly high-intensity interval sessions for 6 weeks, with one group adding 240 minutes/week of moderate-intensity riding (polarized) and the other doing intervals only. Both groups improved time-trial performance by about 8.5%, with no extra gains in time trial, peak power, or lactate thresholds from the ~23 extra hours of moderate training.

Novel Home-Based Remotely Supervised High Intensity Interval Training is Safe and Feasible and Improves Aerobic Fitness and Adiposity in Older Adults.

Twenty healthy adults aged 61-74 did 8 weeks of their usual lifestyle followed by 8 weeks of home-based high intensity interval training on a non-weight-bearing all-limb ergometer, supervised remotely by video call with live heart rate monitoring 4 days a week. There were no training-related adverse events, 96% of sessions were completed, and aerobic fitness fell slightly during the control period but rose by about 4.5 ml/kg/min after HIIT, with reported improvements in body fat as well.

Measurements and management of multiple sclerosis-related fatigue: an umbrella review and meta-analysis.

Researchers pooled 46 systematic reviews (covering 287 studies) on treatments for fatigue caused by multiple sclerosis, including drugs, exercise, psychological therapies, and brain stimulation. Exercise gave the most consistent benefit \u2014 aerobic training a modest reduction (SMD -0.32) with larger but less consistent effects for resistance training (-1.09) and yoga/mind-body work (-0.70) \u2014 while CBT and mindfulness gave small-to-moderate gains, vitamin D a small one (-0.18), and transcranial direct current stimulation a significant short-term effect (-1.02); the authors caution the underlying reviews were generally low quality.

Does the choice of inspiratory muscle training modality affect respiratory and peripheral muscle function in chronic kidney disease?

This randomized trial had 38 people with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease do 10 weeks of either "fundamental" breathing-muscle training, "functional" breathing-muscle training (breathing training combined with movement), or no training, all delivered remotely. Both training groups beat the control group on breathing muscle strength and pressure, diaphragm mobility, quadriceps and grip strength, trunk endurance, and 6-minute walk distance, and the authors concluded functional IMT may add extra benefit for inspiratory endurance and musculoskeletal function.

Endurance training mitigates morphine-induced renal dysfunction in young and aged rats: involvement of oxidative stress, SIRT1, Klotho and TFAM.

Researchers gave young and aged male rats morphine in their drinking water for four weeks, with some groups also doing moderate treadmill running, then measured kidney function, oxidative stress, and related molecular markers. Morphine raised oxidative stress and blood urea/creatinine while lowering antioxidant capacity and SIRT1/Klotho levels, whereas the exercising rats showed better oxidative balance, mitochondrial markers, kidney function, and higher SIRT1 and Klotho.

Improved cognitive flexibility after high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in individuals with Parkinson's disease: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Twenty people with Parkinson's disease did three weeks of stationary cycling (three 30-minute sessions per week), either as high-intensity intervals (alternating 30 seconds at 75% and 90% of max heart rate) or as continuous training at 85% of max heart rate. The interval group improved on tests of cognitive flexibility and inhibitory control (Trail Making Test B and Stroop III) while the continuous group did not, but only the continuous group significantly improved VO2max; both groups improved balance and motor symptoms.

Assessing impact of supervision in aerobic exercise training on fitness and clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This review pooled 42 studies (about 5,000 patients) comparing supervised or unsupervised moderate-to-high-intensity aerobic exercise against controls in clinical populations, mainly before surgery. Both supervised and unsupervised training improved 6-minute walk distance, supervised training improved peak oxygen uptake, and supervised high-intensity programmes reduced postoperative complications — though no study directly compared the two formats.

Effects of Beetroot-Derived Nitrate Supplementation in Highly Trained and Elite Athletes: A Scoping Review of Randomized Controlled Trials on Performance, Recovery, and Physiological Outcomes.

This scoping review pooled 31 randomized controlled trials testing beetroot juice (a nitrate source) in highly trained and elite athletes, with doses of roughly 4-19.5 mmol nitrate per day taken from a single dose up to 15 days. Benefits showed up most often for cycling time trials, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery tests, anaerobic power, neuromuscular performance, exercise tolerance and recovery, while results for endurance performance, sport skills, oxygen use and perceived effort were inconsistent even though blood nitrate levels clearly rose.

Comment on: "35 Years of Joyner's Endurance Performance Model: Assessing the Contribution of Physiological Determinants of Performance Proxies in 888 Individuals from Recreational to World Class".

This is a commentary letter responding to a study that revisited Joyner's classic endurance performance model, which explains distance running performance through VO2max, lactate threshold, and running economy. No abstract is available, so the specific arguments and conclusions of the commentary can't be summarized here.

Response to Comment on: "35 Years of Joyner's Endurance Performance Model: Assessing the Contribution of Physiological Determinants of Performance Proxies in 888 Individuals from Recreational to World Class".

This item is a published reply to a comment about a study that revisited Joyner's classic endurance performance model, which explains distance running performance through VO2max, lactate threshold, and running economy, using data from 888 athletes ranging from recreational to world class. No abstract is available, so the specific findings and arguments of this response cannot be summarized.

Effect of Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training on Exercise Capacity, Muscle Strength, Quality of Life, and Mortality in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.

This review pooled randomized trials testing combined aerobic plus resistance training (CART) in people with coronary heart disease, looking at fitness (peak VO2, 6-minute walk), strength, quality of life, and death rates. Compared with usual non-exercise care, CART improved peak VO2, muscle strength measures, and quality of life and was linked to fewer deaths; it also outperformed aerobic-only training on fitness, walking distance, strength, and quality of life, and beat resistance-only training for peak VO2.

Effects of high-intensity interval cross training and classical training on physical and sprint performance in male junior sprinters

Researchers split 64 male junior sprinters into two groups for 8 weeks: one did high-intensity interval cross training (HIICT, mixing sprints, plyometrics, and functional strength work) and the other did classical sprint training, with both groups matched for overall training effort. The HIICT group showed better improvements in 100 m sprint time, the first 60 m split, ground contact time, countermovement jump, relative peak power, and power clean, while body composition and most strength measures improved similarly in both groups.

Endurance Training Attenuates Acute Exercise-Induced Monocyte Transcriptomic Responses in Adolescents: Sex-Specific Molecular Adaptations.

Researchers had 21 teenagers (12 boys, 9 girls) do a hard interval cycling session before and after 8 weeks of supervised endurance training with some strength work, then sequenced the genes switched on in their blood monocytes (immune cells involved in artery disease). Before training, a single exercise session triggered a much larger gene-expression response in girls than boys (about 5,135 vs. 567 changed transcripts), and the authors conclude that endurance training changes how these immune cells respond, in pathways tied to vascular and cardiovascular health.

Biological mechanisms of different exercise modalities in improving sleep disorders: A review.

This narrative review gathers existing research on how different types of exercise raining training, and mind-body practices like yoga \u2014 may help with sleep problems such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and circadian rhythm disruption. It describes the proposed biological pathways behind these benefits, including body temperature regulation, brain chemistry, hormone signaling, and shifts in the nervous system's stress/recovery balance, and notes exercise is viewed as effective and safe compared with medication.

Effectiveness of game-based physical training on aerobic and anaerobic capacity in volleyball players aged 15-18 years: a randomized controlled trial

Researchers randomly split 48 volleyball players aged 15-18 into a game-based physical training group or a conventional training group for 8 weeks (24 sessions) at 65-85% intensity, testing aerobic fitness with the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test and anaerobic fitness with a 10 x 20 m repeated sprint test. The game-based group improved significantly more in both aerobic and anaerobic capacity, with large effect sizes.

Exploring the Cognitive Effects of Closed-Serial and Closed-Continuous Exercise in Aging: A Study on Dance and Endurance Training.

Researchers compared 72 older adults (average age 67) who did dance, endurance training, or nothing, testing their thinking skills with attention and memory tasks. Endurance exercisers had faster overall reaction times, while dancers showed a smaller 'conflict cost' — meaning better attention control when distractions were present.

Sleep Health Is Not Optional, It's Operational: Introducing the Biopsychosocial Model of Sleep Deprivation on Warfighter Readiness.

This is a review paper that gathered existing research on how sleep deprivation affects military service members across physical, psychological, and social domains, and used it to build a "biopsychosocial" model of sleep and readiness. The authors report that poor sleep is linked to reduced muscular performance, greater obesity risk, impaired aerobic and anaerobic capacity, worse attention, reaction time, memory and emotional control, and weaker teamwork, leadership, and interpersonal skills.

Acute and chronic application of novel incremental breath-hold technique increases endurance exercise performance in healthy men and male military personnel.

Researchers tested a structured breath-holding routine in men, both as a one-off warm-up (40 minutes of breath holds before hard cycling) and as a 3-week add-on to Marine officer candidate training. Acutely, breath holding raised hemoglobin and led to more work done in a 5-minute cycling time trial (84.4 vs 78 kJ); over 3 weeks, 3-mile run times improved in both groups (7.2% breath-hold vs 4.9% control) while hemoglobin rose only in the breath-hold group.

One Year of Endurance Exercise Training Does not Improve Vascular Function in Non-Trained Limbs in Healthy Individuals.

Researchers put 12 previously untrained healthy young adults through a year of supervised cycling and repeatedly tested blood-vessel function in their forearms (a body part not used in cycling) plus aerobic fitness. Aerobic capacity rose sharply over the first 6 months (about 40 to 51 mL/kg/min) and then plateaued, but forearm vascular function did not improve at any point, suggesting vascular adaptations happen mainly in the limbs actually being exercised.

Entrenamiento de fuerza con volante de inercia y determinantes del rendimiento en corredores de larga distancia: revisión narrativa

This narrative review gathered existing research on what drives long-distance running performance and whether strength training — specifically flywheel (inertial) resistance training that stresses the eccentric, lowering phase — can improve it. The reviewed evidence suggests strength work emphasizing eccentric actions and fast force production improves running economy and endurance performance without hurting VO2max, and flywheel training may boost stretch-shortening cycle function and tendon stiffness, though the authors note the evidence is still limited and inconsistent.

Body composition determinants of aerobic performance in elite soccer players: a partial correlation and regression analysis

Researchers measured body fat (via skinfolds) and treadmill-tested aerobic fitness in 38 elite Russian Premier League soccer players at the start of pre-season. Players with more body fat tended to have lower relative VO2max and slower speed at VO2max (about 1.93 mL/kg/min lower VO2max per extra 1% body fat), but the associations were modest and the authors stress the results are exploratory group-level trends, not reliable predictions for any individual.

Aerobic Endurance Training Modulates Cardiac Renin-Angiotensin System Peptides and Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity During Chronic Stress.

Researchers put rats through 8 weeks of treadmill endurance training, with or without three weeks of chronic mild stress, and measured stress hormones, heart enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases) and renin-angiotensin system peptides in the heart and blood. Chronic stress raised corticosterone, increased cardiac MMP-2 activity and Ang 1-9 while lowering protective Ang 1-7, and disrupted heart function; endurance training appeared to offset some of these stress-related changes, which the authors interpret as cardioprotective.

Near infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxidative capacity correlates to oxidative metabolic predictors of performance in highly trained female middle-distance runners.

Researchers measured how quickly the thigh muscle of highly trained female middle-distance runners could restore oxygen use (a marker of muscle oxidative, or aerobic, capacity) using near-infrared spectroscopy, then compared it to VO2max, lactate turn point, critical speed, and a ~4-minute run-to-exhaustion test. Muscle oxidative capacity was strongly correlated with VO2max, lactate turn point, and critical speed, but showed no relationship with time-to-exhaustion performance.

Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection on PGC-1α in Skeletal Muscle After Endurance Training In Vivo.

Researchers injected rats with either a gum-disease bacterium (Porphyromonas gingivalis) or saline, then had them run on a treadmill and measured muscle markers 24 hours later. The infected rats showed more muscle inflammation (TNF-\u03b1) and lower levels of PGC-1\u03b1, the key signal for building new mitochondria, suggesting infection may blunt endurance gains from training.

Multistrain Probiotic Supplementation Combined with a Standardized Diet Did Not Significantly Affect Exercise Performance or Inflammatory Responses in Male Endurance Runners: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Researchers gave 27 trained male distance runners either a multistrain probiotic or a placebo for four weeks while everyone ate the same standardized, calorie-matched meal-box diet, then tested aerobic capacity (VO2peak), a 30-second Wingate sprint, and blood markers of inflammation and muscle damage. The probiotic produced no significant benefit over placebo for aerobic or anaerobic performance, lactate, creatine kinase, or IL-6 and TNF-\u03b1 responses, though exercise itself reliably raised those markers in both groups.

Associations between incremental exercise capacity and multimodal brain characteristics across training levels.

Researchers scanned the brains of 32 men "high-level endurance athletes, moderately trained runners, and active controls" and compared brain structure and resting activity with treadmill test results like VO2max and lactate threshold. Better endurance capacity was linked to differences in brain regions involved in planning, movement and coordination (prefrontal, premotor, precuneus, temporal and cerebellar areas), though comparisons between training-level groups were unstable and the authors urge caution.

Pengaruh Latihan High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) terhadap Peningkatan Daya Tahan Kardiovaskular (VO2Max) Atlet Bola Basket Mahasiswa Ilmu Keolahragaan

Researchers split 20 college basketball players into two groups: one did sprint-interval HIIT three times a week for five weeks at 80-90% intensity, while the other did no extra training, with VO2Max measured by the beep test before and after. The HIIT group showed significantly greater improvement in VO2Max than the control group, though the groups also differed significantly at baseline.

Effect of Bruce and Wingate Protocols on PGC-1α in Well-Trained Endurance Athletes

Researchers had 25 well-trained male cross-country skiers complete a maximal treadmill test (Bruce protocol) and a 30-second all-out bike sprint (Wingate) 48 hours apart, measuring blood levels of PGC-1a, a signal linked to mitochondrial growth, before, 2 hours after, and 48 hours after each test. Both tests significantly raised PGC-1a levels, with values still climbing at 48 hours, and the authors report the aerobic treadmill test produced the stronger response.

VO₂ Max Levels of Sepak Takraw Athletes at Muhammadiyah University of Education Sorong

Researchers used the beep test (a multistage shuttle run) to estimate VO\u2082max in 13 sepak takraw athletes at one university. Most athletes scored in the "good" range, with a group average of about 45.6 mL/kg/min, and none fell below the moderate category.

Comparative and dose-response effects of supplementary exercise training on VO<sub>2</sub>max in trained athletes: a Systematic Review and Bayesian network meta-analysis.

Researchers pooled 61 randomized trials to compare 11 types of extra training added on top of athletes' normal sport-specific training, ranking which ones best raise VO2max. Five modalities beat the control condition — blood flow restriction training, HIIT, intermittent hypoxic training, sprint interval training, and small-sided games — with HIIT and SIT showing the most consistent support; age, starting fitness, and program length didn't clearly change the results, and the overall certainty of evidence was low to very low.

THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE PHYSICAL TRAINING OF POLICE OFFICERS FOR EMERGENCIES

Researchers tested a police physical training program that combined high-intensity interval work, strength training, aerobic training, and tactical skill drills, comparing an experimental group to a control group. The experimental group's average physical fitness/endurance measure rose from 40% to 80%, while the control group improved only from 45% to 50%.

Reanalysis of Power-Based V O₂max Estimation in Tadej Pogačar Reconstruction of the Record Power Performance Profile

Researchers re-did an earlier calculation that estimated pro cyclist Tadej Pogačar's VO₂max from his climbing power, this time using more realistic assumptions about aerodynamics, rolling resistance, drafting, weather, sustainable endurance, and the oxygen cost of hard efforts. The corrected estimate rose from about 93 to roughly 100.7 ± 3 mL·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹, which the authors note is higher than any VO₂max documented in humans, suggesting these power-based models are highly sensitive to their input assumptions.

Sleep disturbances after an ultra-trail endurance race: a field study.

Researchers tracked 18 ultra-trail runners with sleep diaries and wrist actimeters for six nights before and six nights after a 64 km mountain race with 5,000 m of climbing. Runners only reported mild subjective sleep issues (later wake-up, worse quality the night after), but objective measures showed more pronounced disruptions ing efsleep efficiency and fragmented sleep that lingered for up to four nights.

Beyond physical fitness: Pre-to-post hematological and physical fitness changes during an eight-week multi-component exercise program in sedentary adults aged 30–45 years

Thirty-six previously sedentary adults aged 30-45 did a mixed program of cardio, strength, balance, and flexibility work for 45-50 minutes, 3 times a week, for 8 weeks, with fitness and blood markers measured before and after. Body weight and BMI dropped while estimated VO2max, vertical jump, flexibility, speed, agility, and balance all improved significantly; blood marker changes also occurred but, with no control group and no direct measures of hydration or plasma volume, the authors caution these can't be attributed to training.

Youth Female Cross-Country Skiers Maintain Anaerobic Speed Reserve Classification Across Running and Roller Skiing Modes

Researchers tested 12 youth female cross-country skiers in both running and roller skiing, measuring top sprint speed and maximal aerobic speed to calculate their anaerobic speed reserve (the gap between the two). Both speeds were higher on roller skis, but the size of the speed reserve was essentially the same in both modes, and most athletes kept a 'hybrid' profile regardless of testing mode.

90% mental, 10% physical? Psychological and physiological predictors of ultrarunning performance

Researchers tested 69 ultramarathon runners across 24 different races, measuring both physical fitness (VO2max, exercise testing) and psychological traits (emotional intelligence, impulse control, sleep habits, pain tolerance), then compared these to how each runner placed relative to the winner. The combined model explained about 43% of performance differences, with VO2max the strongest predictor, followed by emotional intelligence, inhibitory control, and sleep behaviours.

Does too much exercise damage the heart? A narrative review of the long-term cardiovascular effects of intense training.

This narrative review examined whether decades of intense endurance training can harm the heart, pulling together evidence on athletes' heart rhythm and structural changes. It reports that long-term high-volume endurance athletes (mostly middle-aged male Caucasians in the available data) more often show atrial fibrillation, sinus node dysfunction, patchy heart fibrosis and coronary calcification, yet high activity levels still track with lower cardiovascular and overall death rates than being sedentary, with benefits appearing to plateau at very high volumes.

Exercise interventions and dosage for weight management in overweight or obese middle-aged and older adults: A dose-response Bayesian network meta-analysis.

Researchers pooled 92 randomized trials (4,634 people aged 50+ with a BMI of 24 or higher) to figure out which types and amounts of exercise work best for weight and body-fat reduction. They found benefits rose steeply up to about 150 METs-min/day and then flattened out, with aerobic training ranking best overall and combinations doing best for specific outcomes — aerobic plus resistance for body weight, resistance plus balance plus aerobic for BMI, and aerobic plus stretching/other exercise for body fat percentage (which also delivered results at just 100 METs-min/day). Evidence quality ranged from moderate to very low.

The FITP: A Controlled Intermittent Running Test for Futsal Athletes

Researchers had ten national-level male futsal players complete a new treadmill test (the FITP) that mimics futsal's stop-start running and substitution patterns, measuring oxygen uptake, heart rate, blood lactate, perceived effort, recovery ratings and jump performance. Heart rate and perceived exertion rose across the four bouts while recovery ratings dropped, but oxygen uptake, lactate, and countermovement jump performance stayed stable, suggesting match-like cardiovascular and perceptual strain without clear neuromuscular fatigue.

Effects of Single-Bout Endurance Exercise Intensity on Peripheral Neurotrophic Factors in Patients With Ischemic Stroke During the Subacute Phase of Rehabilitation.

Researchers had 30 people recovering from a first ischemic stroke do one session of either low- or moderate-intensity cycling, then measured blood markers linked to brain health (like BDNF and irisin) plus cognition, movement, and mood. Descriptively, the moderate-intensity group showed a rise in BDNF and a drop in irisin, but formal statistical tests found no meaningful difference between intensities for the neurotrophins — only blood lactate differed.

Muscle mechanical and architectural adaptations in response to different endurance training modalities in older adults.

Researchers had 50 healthy adults aged 59-79 do 8 weeks of cycling training (three sessions a week) in one of four styles - moderate continuous, heavy continuous, high-intensity intervals, or eccentric cycling - all matched for total workload, plus a non-training control group. All training groups improved maximal isometric and eccentric knee-extension strength, but there were no changes in thigh muscle architecture (thickness, pennation angle, fascicle length), optimal knee angle, or maximum contraction velocity.

Exercise training attenuates high-fat diet-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by inhibiting Drp1-mediated cuproptosis in male mice.

Researchers fed male mice either a normal or high-fat diet for 8 weeks and had some of them do aerobic exercise (or receive a drug blocking the mitochondrial protein Drp1). The high-fat diet shrank muscle and reduced grip strength and endurance alongside mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and copper-driven cell death, while aerobic exercise — like the Drp1-blocking drug — largely reversed these changes.

The Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Respiratory Parameters, Trunk Control, Gait, and Functional Independence in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Researchers randomly assigned 36 children with cerebral palsy to 6 weeks of real or sham inspiratory (breathing) muscle training on top of their usual exercise program, then measured breathing strength, lung function, trunk control, walking, and daily independence. The real training group improved more in inspiratory muscle strength (MIP) and lung function (FEV1), but there were no group differences in walking speed, walking endurance, functional independence, or trunk control.

Reduced cardiac workload and enhanced oxygen extraction during maximal exercise in recreational endurance runners.

Researchers compared 44 male recreational long-distance runners with 41 untrained men of similar age during a maximal cycling test, measuring oxygen use, blood flow and blood pressure. The runners reached much higher maximal oxygen consumption (about 53 vs 39 mL/kg/min) and extracted more oxygen from their blood, while showing a lower cardiac (haemodynamic) response, suggesting their hearts work less hard at peak effort.

CreaSol® SSAT (Stabilized Tyrosol) Enhances Creatine on Muscle Performance and Anti-fatigue Capacity in Trained Mice

Researchers gave trained mice creatine monohydrate alone or creatine plus a stabilized form of the antioxidant tyrosol (CreaSol) for four weeks, then tested grip strength and weighted swimming to exhaustion on consecutive days. The combined group showed 28.1% greater grip strength and 51.5% longer swim endurance than creatine alone, plus smaller drop-offs in performance across repeated exhaustive sessions.

Effects of different intensity endurance training on atrial fibrillation in rats.

Researchers had 40 male rats do endurance training at different intensities for 8 weeks, then measured how easily atrial fibrillation could be triggered along with heart tissue changes. Higher exercise intensity was linked to more atrial fibrillation, more myocardial fibrosis and lipid deposition, plus changes in mitochondrial activity, autophagy, reactive oxygen species and ion-channel proteins; the authors concluded sustained moderate-intensity exercise was best for heart energy metabolism and atrial rhythm.

Distinct genome-wide salivary DNA methylation changes following superset and repeated sprint training in youth male basketball players.

Researchers had 62 youth male basketball players add one 30-minute weekly session of either superset strength training or repeated sprint training for eight weeks, then measured performance and DNA methylation (chemical marks on genes) from saliva. Each method produced different methylation changes and lit up different biological pathways \u2014 growth/muscle-building signals for supersets, and blood-vessel and endurance-related signals for sprints \u2014 suggesting the two styles trigger distinct molecular responses.

Left atrial adaptation to different overloads: is atrial enlargement always related to atrial dysfunction?

Researchers used advanced ultrasound to compare left atrium (upper heart chamber) size and function in 548 people: 286 endurance athletes, 225 with high blood pressure, and 37 with leaky mitral valves. An enlarged left atrium was common in athletes (78%), but athletes had better diastolic function and better atrial reservoir and conduit function than the patient groups, suggesting enlargement doesn't always mean dysfunction.

Comparison of different interval training methods on athletes' oxygen uptake: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analysis

Pairwise and network meta-analysis comparing interval-training formats for their effect on athletes' oxygen uptake (VO2max/VO2peak).

Effects of menstrual cycle phases on athletic performance and related physiological outcomes: a systematic review of studies using high methodological standards

Systematic review, restricted to high-methodological-standard studies, examining whether menstrual cycle phase affects athletic performance and related physiological outcomes.