Resistance Training & Hypertrophy

Resistance Training for Cyclists: Scientific Evidence and Practical Recommendations.

This review examines how resistance training affects cycling performance, body composition, and bone health, finding that 1-2 weekly sessions of moderate-to-heavy strength work with compound lower-body exercises improves key cycling indicators without causing unwanted muscle gain. The study also suggests resistance training may help address low bone density in competitive cyclists, though the benefits depend heavily on proper programming and timing relative to endurance work.

Nutritional intervention targeting muscle-brain axis in dementia continuum: from mechanisms to practice

Frequency profiles of muscle-strengthening exercise identified using three national surveillance measures in a convenience sample of adults

Morphofunctional Assessment with Nutritional Ultrasound in Hemodialysis Patients Undergoing Six Months of Intradialytic Aerobic and Resistance Training: A Novel Multiparametric Approach

Changes in Strength and Muscle Thickness in Physically Active Males and Females in Response to Resistance Exercise Training: Comparison of Absolute and Relative Change Scores

The Effects of Muscle Soreness-Based Modified Training on Physical, Physiological, and Competition Performance in Cross-Country Skiers

The effects of resistance exercise snacks via a mobile health app on musculoskeletal strength in sedentary young women: a randomized controlled trial

Is failure necessary for muscle growth? An updated review of resistance training to concentric failure

Is failure necessary for muscle growth? An updated review of resistance training to concentric failure

Split-set resistance training in-season increases maximal vertical power without enhancing athletic performance: a comparison with failure training in youth handball players.

Examining the Impact of Supramaximal Eccentric and Long‐Lever Isometric Training Protocols on Isometric Hamstring Strength, Nordic Hamstring Performance, and Sprint Speed

Neuromuscular Plasticity Induced by Resistance Training Under Different Hypoxic Environments

Rehabilitative and Conditioning Exercises That Selectively Activate Individual Lower Extremity Muscles: A Systematic Review.

Balance, Muscle Strength, and Functional Decline in Peripheral Arterial Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The relationship between body morphology, handgrip strength, and bone mineral density in Chinese college students: the mediating role of skeletal muscle

The Effects of Combined TRX Suspension and Functional Circuit Training on Biomotor and Physiological Adaptations in Adolescent Basketball Players

Impact of expiratory muscle strength training on swallowing function in Parkinson's disease: insights from high-resolution videomanometry.

Sarcopenic Obesity in Adults: Endocrine-Metabolic Mechanisms, Body Composition, and Nutritional Strategies in the Latin American Context

Effects of microdosed versus traditionally dosed plyometric jump training on physical fitness in pre-peak height velocity male soccer players: A randomized comparative trial

This study compared two approaches to plyometric jump training in young male soccer players: microdosed (spreading sessions throughout the week) versus traditionally dosed (concentrated sessions). Both methods produced similar improvements in sprinting speed, jumping ability, and change-of-direction performance, with no meaningful difference between the two approaches.

Final Repetition Velocity Can Estimate Repetitions-in-Reserve in Female and Male Australian Football Athletes During Bench Press

High-intensity progressive resistance training to prevent falls in community-dwelling adults aged 80 years and older with reduced muscle strength: protocol for the ReFit randomised controlled trial

Quantitative MRI changes in neck muscle size and composition following long‐duration spaceflight

This study measured how neck muscle size and fat content changed in nine astronauts after 7-month space missions using MRI scans before and after flight. Most neck muscles stayed relatively stable, though some muscles like the sternocleidomastoid slightly grew and others accumulated fat; resistance training was associated with better muscle preservation and less fat deposition, while different cardio types showed mixed effects.

Comparison of affective responses between an online and in-person high-intensity functional training session in sports students

This study compared how college-aged sports students felt during the same high-intensity functional training workout done either in-person or online via video. In-person workouts felt more enjoyable and effortful, with 92% of participants preferring the in-person version, though both formats produced similar levels of physical discomfort.

MuscleExpert: a semi-automated tool delivering ImageJ-comparable measurements of muscle thickness, area, and quality

Importance of strength training to prevent secondary lower limb musculoskeletal injury in military personnel.

This review examines how strength training helps military personnel prevent re-injury after an initial musculoskeletal injury, particularly focusing on maximal force and rapid force production as key strength qualities. The abstract emphasizes that strength testing during rehabilitation is essential for safely returning soldiers to operational duty and meeting physical employment standards.

Mechanistic interactions of diet, exercise, and pharmacotherapy in skeletal muscle metabolism: evidence and translational perspectives

This review examines how diet, exercise, and medications work together to control skeletal muscle metabolism through shared cellular pathways like AMPK, mTOR, and insulin signaling. The authors propose that these three interventions can interact in different ways—additively, synergistically, or antagonistically—depending on factors like age, disease state, training status, and baseline health, and they organize evidence around five key muscle regulatory domains including substrate use, mitochondrial health, protein turnover, inflammation, and regenerative capacity.

Effects of carbon dioxide hydrate cryotherapy on knee flexor muscle function recovery trajectory after muscle damage: a randomized controlled trial

This study tested whether carbon dioxide hydrate cryotherapy could speed up recovery of knee flexor strength and reduce soreness after intense eccentric exercises designed to cause muscle damage. The results showed that CDH cryotherapy did not recover muscle function faster or reduce secondary damage markers better than conventional icing or no treatment, though there was an exploratory finding of greater hip range of motion reduction in the CDH group.

The effect of acute prolonged swimming on skeletal muscle metabolism in different muscle types of rats after nine days of dexamethasone treatment

This study examined how dexamethasone (a corticosteroid) affects muscle mass and metabolism in rats, and whether swimming exercise could counteract these effects. The researchers found that dexamethasone caused muscle loss and oxidative stress, but a structured swimming program (4 days of preparation plus a long swim) partially prevented this muscle loss, suggesting exercise may help protect against steroid-induced muscle damage.

Resistance training combined with creatine supplementation: a three-level meta-analysis of multidimensional outcomes from strength enhancement to body composition remodeling.

This meta-analysis of 63 studies examined whether adding creatine supplementation to resistance training improves strength and body composition compared to resistance training alone. Adding creatine produced meaningful gains in upper- and lower-body strength, increased lean mass, and slightly reduced body-fat percentage, though fat mass itself didn't change significantly.

Effects of Heat-Killed Bifidobacterium breve B-3, a Postbiotic, on Muscle Mass-Related Parameters in Patients with Sarcopenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial

Effects of Strength Training on Cognitive Function, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 in Highly-Trained Young Female Soccer Players.

This study tested whether 12 weeks of twice-weekly strength training improved physical fitness, soccer performance, and cognitive function in 22 highly-trained teenage female soccer players. The strength training group showed gains in muscle strength, better soccer passing test scores, and improved performance on a cognitive test, though blood markers of brain growth factors (BDNF and IGF-1) did not change significantly.

Periodised power training in community-dwelling adults with chronic stroke: a protocol for the Power Exercise for Stroke Recovery (POWER) pilot randomised controlled trial.

This study is testing whether a periodised power training program (POWER) designed for stroke survivors—which builds strength first, then focuses on fast, powerful movements—is feasible to run as a larger trial and whether it improves mobility better than conventional strength training. The abstract describes the trial design and planned comparisons but does not yet report results.

Partial range of motion does not alter acute regional muscle responses in elbow fl exors in recreationally trained men

This study compared how the biceps muscles responded to two different partial-range elbow curl protocols—one using the first 60 degrees of motion and another using the last 60 degrees—in trained men performing the same number of reps and sets. The researchers found that both protocols produced similar increases in muscle thickness and muscle density, similar reductions in strength during the workout, and similar perceived effort, indicating that the specific range of motion used doesn't matter much as long as you're doing comparable amounts of work.

A combination of aerobic and resistance training induces white adipose tissue browning

This study examined how combined aerobic and resistance training affects white fat tissue in mice, specifically whether it can convert white fat into brown-like fat (a process called browning). After 8 weeks of combined training, mice showed improved exercise performance and increased markers of brown fat activation in their white fat deposits, suggesting combined training can transform white fat tissue in ways that may benefit metabolic health.

Development of predictive equations for estimating regional cross-sectional areas of the quadriceps femoris in untrained young women using anthropometric measurements

Researchers developed simple measurement formulas to estimate the size of quadriceps muscles in young women using just thigh circumference and skinfold thickness, with ultrasound as the gold standard for verification. Several of the resulting equations showed prediction errors between 7.2% and 19.9%, which are comparable to existing methods used in clinical and performance settings.

Effects of Resistance Training on Muscle Hypertrophy in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This systematic review of 23 studies examined whether resistance training builds muscle in children and teenagers, comparing results across different ages and sexes. Resistance training produced small muscle gains compared to doing nothing, but larger gains when compared to other active exercises, with the biggest effects in postpubertal (late teen) males versus active controls.

Rethinking neurophysiology of delayed onset muscle soreness: updated concepts and mechanisms for mitigation across endurance, resistance, and plyometric exercise

This review examined how delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) develops across different exercise types, finding that it involves multiple interconnected systems including inflammation, nerve sensitivity, and proprioceptive changes rather than just muscle damage alone. Different exercise modalities activate distinct pathways—endurance causes cumulative inflammation, resistance training sensitizes pain receptors, and plyometrics disrupts balance control—and recovery interventions like compression, acupuncture, and foam rolling show varying effectiveness depending on the exercise type and individual response.

Hemodynamic Effects of Low-Load Resistance Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) on Inflation Pressure (IP) Adaptations in Trained and Untrained Individuals

This study examined how different blood flow restriction (BFR) pressures affect muscle growth and blood vessel function when combined with very light weights (30% of maximum strength) in trained and untrained people over 8 weeks. Trained individuals showed better muscle growth at 40% restriction compared to 60% restriction, and all BFR groups showed improved blood vessel health indicated by lower resting restriction pressures needed over time.

Percentile-Based Normative Standards for Strength Assessment Beyond Linear Bodyweight Multipliers in Competitive Powerlifters

This study analyzed performance data from over 100,000 drug-tested competitive powerlifters to create percentile-based strength standards across different body weights, replacing the traditional approach of using simple bodyweight multipliers. The researchers found that relative strength doesn't decline in a straight line as body weight increases—elite lifters show steeper drops in relative strength with added bodyweight than intermediate lifters do—and that these patterns differ between sexes and lifts, with females showing sharper declines in bench press and squat as weight classes increase.

Muscle-brain crosstalk in sarcopenia and cognitive impairment: endocrine signaling, metabolic regulation, and exercise modulation

This review examines how the muscles and brain communicate through hormones and metabolic signals, and why muscle loss and cognitive decline often occur together in older adults. The evidence suggests that muscle strength relates more closely to cognitive function than muscle mass alone, and that exercise can improve several of these communication pathways through inflammatory, metabolic, and lactate-related responses.

An Investigation into the Effects of Different Training Approaches on Muscle Strength and Explosive Power Performance in Table Tennis Players

This study examined whether adding 6 weeks of robot-assisted multi-ball training to traditional table tennis training improved muscle strength and explosive power in 46 young players. Both the robot-assisted group and the control group (traditional training only) showed improvements in forehand and backhand performance, but the robot-assisted training provided no additional benefit over traditional training alone for strength gains or vertical jump ability.

Effects of 10% Versus 30% Velocity Loss Thresholds on Strength and Explosive Performance in Trained Female Collegiate Athletes: A Randomized Parallel-Group Trial

This study compared training female collegiate athletes with two different velocity-loss thresholds (stopping sets when movement speed dropped 10% versus 30%) during squat training for 8 weeks. The 30% velocity-loss group gained more maximal squat strength, while the 10% velocity-loss group showed better improvements in long jumping and sprint speed, though both groups improved across all measures tested.

Evaluation of Muscle Activation and Ground Reaction Forces in Lunge Exercises with and Without Resistance Band Assistance

This study compared muscle activation and ground reaction forces across four lunge variations in trained male athletes: standard forward lunges, lunges from a 15cm height, lunges with resistance band assistance, and lunges from height with band assistance. The researchers found that lunges performed from a 15cm height significantly increased ground reaction forces, while muscle activation was minimally affected by the variations tested.

Body composition and handgrip strength as predictors of maximal strength and maximum push-up and pull-up performance in resistance-trained young men

This study examined how body composition and handgrip strength predict maximal strength and bodyweight exercises (push-ups and pull-ups) in 71 resistance-trained young men. Handgrip strength was a strong predictor of bench press and lat pulldown performance, while higher muscle mass and lower body fat predicted deadlift strength, though the relationships were task-specific and the predictive models explained 51–80% of performance variance depending on the exercise.

Strength Training Exercises to Minimize Late Effects of Childhood Leukemia or Lymphoma Among Adolescents: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study compared high-load strength training (STEEL) versus circuit training in adolescent cancer survivors over 16 weeks to see which better improved muscle strength and quality of life. Both groups gained strength, but STEEL produced greater improvements in leg press strength, physical functioning, and sleep quality, though it wasn't superior for overall isometric strength gains.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF BOTTOM GEAR AND TOP GEAR MUSCLES BETWEEN SPORTSPERSONS AND SEDENTARY LIFESTYLE PERSONS

This study compared the calf muscle structure of athletes and sedentary people using ultrasound imaging, measuring the thickness of two calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) and the Achilles tendon. Athletes who trained in football or basketball for at least five years had significantly thicker gastrocnemius muscles than sedentary individuals, but showed no differences in soleus thickness or Achilles tendon length.

The Effects of Different Dietary and Glycogen-Loaded Two-a-Day Training Approaches on Muscle Damage and Inflammatory Markers for Enhancing Metabolic Efficiency

Strength and resistance training induced alterations in calcium phosphorus homeostasis and parathyroid hormone among elite under-23 footballers: A quasi-experimental controlled trial

Resistance training performed under a partial range of motion elicits favorable hormonal responses in untrained young men

This study compared how full range of motion (FROM) versus partial range of motion (PROM) resistance training affected hormonal responses in untrained men performing squats and bench presses. Partial range of motion training kept testosterone elevated longer after exercise and produced less of a cortisol spike, while full range of motion created greater blood lactate accumulation.

Inspiratory Muscle Training Before Total Joint Arthroplasty to Improve Postoperative Outcomes: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

This study tests whether breathing muscle training done before knee or hip replacement surgery can preserve respiratory strength and speed up recovery after surgery. The trial compares daily breathing training, a single pre-surgery breathing session, and standard care in patients undergoing joint replacement, measuring respiratory strength and early mobility in the first 24 hours after surgery.

Blood flow restriction improves lower limb muscle function in adults with musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review examined whether low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction (LIRT-BFR) could improve lower-limb muscle strength, size, and function in adults with musculoskeletal disorders, analyzing 16 randomized controlled trials with 638 participants. Compared to no exercise, LIRT-BFR significantly improved muscle strength, muscle size, and functional mobility, and showed additional benefits over regular low-intensity training alone, though it offered no advantage over higher-intensity training without blood flow restriction.

Impact of high external load resistance and low external load resistance training with blood flow restriction on anterior cruciate ligament volume in healthy female and male adults: A randomized controlled trial

This study compared two types of resistance training—heavy weights versus light weights with blood flow restriction—to see how they affected anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) volume and quadriceps muscle volume in healthy adults over 16 weeks. Light weights combined with blood flow restriction increased ACL volume more than heavy weights alone, with the effect being stronger in men, while both training methods increased quadriceps muscle volume compared to no training.

The Relationship Between Muscle Strength and Jump Height with Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in Elite Female Soccer Players: The Mediating Role of Lean Body Mass

This study examined how muscle strength and jump ability relate to bone mineral density in 28 elite female soccer players, and whether lean body mass explains this relationship. The researchers found that lean body mass significantly mediates the connection between muscle strength and bone density at multiple skeletal sites, suggesting that building muscle mass—not just strength alone—is important for bone health.

CNIH4 regulates systemic metabolism and exercise adaptations in male mice primarily through the modulation of β-adrenergic receptor trafficking

This study found that a protein called CNIH4 controls how beta-adrenergic receptors (which respond to adrenaline) are positioned in muscle and fat cells, and that this protein is essential for the metabolic benefits of exercise. When CNIH4 was removed in mice, they showed impaired glucose control during exercise, difficulty using glucose normally, and reduced fat breakdown and heat production in response to training.

Spatiotemporal Multi‐Omic Mapping Reveals Liver‐Muscle Metabolic Crosstalk in Cancer Cachexia

N-terminal thrombospondin-1 enhances muscle function and tissue-specific metabolic adaptation in response to exercise and cold exposure

Effects of Weekly Set Distribution on Volume Load, Lower-Body Strength, and Quadriceps Muscle Thickness in Trained Men

EXERCISE- INDUCED MITOCHONDRIAL ADAPTATIONS AND THEIR ROLE IN PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

Lean Mass Reduction During Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists-Induced Weight Loss: Rethinking Its Clinical Significance

Physical Training in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review of Neurobiological Mechanisms, Brain-Muscle Adaptations, and Implications for Personalized Rehabilitation.

Anaerobic Power Cycling Training and Lower-Extremity Performance in Elite Female Handball Players: A Predictive Model Based on Morphological Indices

Tissue-specific body composition changes and muscle performance decline:a 5-year prospective study

Effects of Run-Specific Isometric Exercises Performed with Complex Training on Neuromuscular Performance in Youth Soccer Players

Sleep disturbances, inflammation, and muscle function in older adults with sarcopenia

Comparing six weeks of full-body eccentric quasi-isometric and dynamic resistance training on muscular size, physical performance, and serum hormones in untrained men

Importance of respect for the menstrual cycle in sports training and competition: a nationwide multisport coach questionnaire

Do we need to stretch? Active alternatives and contrasting perspectives on current stretch-recommendations – A literature review

Feasibility of a Six-Week Supramaximal Accentuated Eccentric Loading Squat Resistance Training Intervention – A Pilot Study

Wired for Growth: Muscle Excitation as a Predictor of Long-Term Hypertrophy and Strength Adaptations. A Study Protocol of a PhD project

A 12-week multimodal exercise program combining Baduanjin and resistance-band training improves muscle health in older adults with sarcopenia: A randomized controlled trial

Measurement posture influences acute changes in quadriceps muscle thickness following resistance exercise

Tailoring Resistance Exercise for Knee Osteoarthritis: An Intervention Systematic Review With Dose-Response Meta-analysis of the Effects of Intensity and Volume.

Effect of 12-week combined aerobics and weight training on agility of university girls

Peroneal Muscle Size and Quality Changes after Impairment-Based Rehabilitation in Patients with Chronic Ankle Instability

The Inter-relationship between Sarcopenia and Osteoporosis : Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Interventions

Calcific Patellar Tendinopathy. A Case Report Integrating Diagnostic Ultrasound Throughout a Multi-Modal Treatment Approach

Immunosenescence, inflammaging, and metabolic disease: A geroscience perspective on mechanisms and links

Beyond Fat Loss: Addressing the Sarcopenia Challenge of Incretin-Based Therapies.

Effectiveness of Resistance Training in People With Down Syndrome: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Using the OPTIMAL Theory to Optimize Aerodynamics in Respiratory Training for Healthy Adults and Individuals With Parkinson's Disease.

Comment on: "Effectiveness of High-Intensity Versus Low-To-Moderate-Intensity Resistance Training in Improving Muscle Strength and Bone Mineral Density in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials".

Comparison of Active versus Passive Whole-Body Vibration Training on Neuromuscular Activation of Deep Trunk Muscles and Dynamic Postural Stability: A Pilot Study

Fragmented versus traditional resistance training: a randomized controlled trial on muscular strength, endurance, and enjoyment in recreationally trained young adults

Effectiveness of Whole-Body Vibration Therapy on Handgrip Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Researchers pooled 34 randomized trials (1,272 people) to see whether standing on a vibrating platform improves handgrip strength. One-off vibration sessions had no effect, and long-term vibration training showed only a small benefit that disappeared when poor-quality studies were excluded; protocols where the hands were in direct contact with the vibrating surface looked more promising, but that finding was exploratory and based on very low-certainty evidence.

Olympic Weightlifting Training Status, Bone Health, and Hormonal Profiles in Pubertal Male Weightlifters

Pengaruh Latihan Kekuatan Tubuh Bagian Atas dengan Menggunakan Metode Piramida Puncak dan Piramida Terbalik Terhadap Kemampuan Kekuatan Maksimal

Elbow Flexor Adaptations to Failure Versus Repetitions-in-Reserve Training: A Unilateral Within-Participant Study in Resistance-Trained Adults

Effectiveness of modified strengthening and postural control exercise combinations on sarcopenia

The cold‐water immersion recovery–adaptation paradox: Reconciling acute parasympathetic and analgesic benefits with chronic hypertrophy attenuation

A 12-week home-based exercise program with nutritional guidance is associated with improved functional capacity in chronic liver disease.

Adjunctive Ashwagandha (<i>Withania somnifera</i>) Supplementation and Resistance-Training Adaptations in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Random-Effects Meta-Analysis of Muscular Strength, Chest Circumference, and Body Composition.

Muscle architectural and performance adaptations following an 8-week sprint-focused training intervention

Effects of eccentric overload training on lower-limb muscle strength, gait performance, balance, and explosive power in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Recognizing muscle health in healthy aging and non-communicable disease policy: a public health perspective.

Effectiveness of community-based Baduanjin combined with resistance training on cardiometabolic risk factors in older adults with type 2 diabetes: a 16-week randomized controlled trial.

The relationship between skeletal muscle mass and cardiac structure in elderly male inpatients

[Sarcopenia: diagnosis, clinical implications, and treatment].

Impact of Respiratory Muscle Strength Training Program on Hospital Readmissions in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Retrospective Pilot Study.

The effectiveness of weight training in improving grip strength among Pencak Silat athletes

Effects of resistance training combined with creatine supplementation on muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis.

Why Non-linear Training Models Are Better Than Linear Training Models in Short-term Training Programmes: A Comparative Study

Exercise-responsive crosstalk within local muscle-bone units in osteosarcopenia: from mechanotransduction to secretome signalling

Validity and Reliability of the Linear and Non-Linear Reactive Agility Training Programme: Reaction Time and Agility in Table Tennis

A scoping review of muscle excitation in resistance training across key training parameters

This scoping review pooled 63 studies (966 participants) that used surface EMG to see how load intensity, range of motion, and rep speed affect how strongly muscles are electrically activated during resistance exercise. Heavier loads and faster reps were generally linked to greater muscle excitation, while greater range of motion boosted activation only when rep speed was controlled — otherwise results were inconsistent.

Pyroptosis and HMGB1 Signaling in T2DM-Related Sarcopenia: Current Evidence, Mechanistic Framework, and Exercise Implications

Lifestyle Medicine as Co-Therapy During Incretin-Based Anti-Obesity Pharmacotherapy: Integrating Physical Activity, Nutrition, and Behavioral Strategies for Long-Term Success.

Exercise-Induced Skeletal Muscle Secretory Factors and Macrophage Functional Remodeling: Mechanistic Advances

Exercise and Fat: A Primer

This narrative review summarizes what's known about body fat and exercise, covering the different types of fat cells (white, brown, beige), how fat is burned as fuel during exercise, and how fat tissue changes with training. It notes that fat is the main fuel source at moderate exercise intensities and that both endurance and resistance training prompt fat and muscle tissue to release signaling molecules (exerkines) that drive adaptations and improve metabolic health.

Effects of elastic-band resistance training on glycemic control, muscle strength, and functional outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

In-season resistance training intervention improves strength and power characteristics in academy freestyle freeski athletes – a quasi-experimental study

Effects of integrating self-efficacy strategies into multi-joint resistance exercise for overweight and obese older adults: A randomized controlled trial.

Researchers had 34 overweight or obese adults aged 60-75 do 12 weeks of progressive multi-joint resistance training (3x/week, 60 min), with half also receiving confidence-building (self-efficacy) coaching built into every session. Both groups improved strength, endurance, balance, and mobility with no difference between them, but the coaching group showed greater gains in exercise knowledge, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations, plus a more favorable resting heart rate change.

Fisioterapia na prevenção da sarcopenia em mulheres a partir dos 40 anos: revisão narrativa crítica sobre avaliação físico-funcional e exercício terapêutico

This narrative review pulled together 17 exercise intervention studies (2015 onward) in middle-aged and post-menopausal women, looking at effects on muscle strength, muscle mass/quality, and physical performance. Strength gains were the most consistent finding, while muscle mass responses varied with training volume, intensity, duration, starting fitness, and measurement method; resistance, functional, sensorimotor, and impact-loading programs were linked to better physical performance, though small samples and study design flaws limit firm conclusions.

Synergistic effects of synbiotic, protein supplementation, and resistance training on inflammation, oxidative stress, and muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a RCT triple-blinded study.

This trial had 40 older men (65+) with type 2 diabetes do resistance training while taking either nothing extra, protein supplements, or protein plus a synbiotic (probiotic/prebiotic blend). All groups improved physical performance and redox balance, but the protein-only group showed the biggest gains in muscle strength, insulin resistance, and some oxidative stress markers, and adding the synbiotic gave no extra benefit.

The post-activation performance enhancement of sub-maximal load back squat with varied range of motion and intra-set fatigue on jump height in trained males

Twelve trained men did a single heavy back squat set (87% of 1RM) in four ways — deep or half squats, either stopping short of failure or going to failure — and then jumped at 4, 8, and 12 minutes afterward. All four protocols boosted countermovement jump height, but the stop-short sets peaked earlier (4 minutes) than the to-failure sets (8 minutes), and half squats produced bigger gains than deep squats.

Comparative Adaptations to Different Leg Extension Set-termination Strategies in Trained Men and Women: A Unilateral Within-Participant Study

Nineteen trained men and women did 8 weeks of leg extensions, with one leg trained to momentary muscular failure and the other stopped 1-3 reps short of failure (reps in reserve). Muscle thickness and 1RM strength gains were essentially identical between the two legs, with no clear advantage for either approach.

The metabokine β-aminoisobutyric acid mediates exercise performance and skeletal muscle adaptation through a PGC1α-BAIBA-PPARδ axis

Researchers studied BAIBA, a small molecule released by working muscle, to see how it affects muscle metabolism, structure and exercise performance. In mice, one form (L-BAIBA) drove muscle adaptations and performance gains, blocking its production blunted training benefits, and in humans blood L-BAIBA levels tracked with aerobic fitness and rose after endurance training.

Force-time metric responses to training in an Olympic 400m sprinter across a two-week microcycle: a case study

Researchers tracked one world-class female 400m sprinter over a two-week training block, testing her countermovement jump on a force plate before and after each practice. Jump height, force, and power dropped right after hard sessions (especially sprint speed and endurance work), but these dips were temporary and rebounded to or above baseline after rest days.

The Effects of Oral Contraceptives on Muscle Hypertrophy.

This narrative review gathered existing research on whether oral contraceptives (which contain synthetic estrogen and progestin) affect muscle growth from resistance training. The authors report that overall, oral contraceptive use does not consistently change muscle hypertrophy, though a few studies found negative effects possibly linked to more androgenic progestins, and differences in pill formulations, training programs, and small study sizes make comparisons difficult.

Analytical approaches to account for muscle size when evaluating strength

This methods paper examines how researchers should adjust strength measurements for muscle size, comparing simple ratio approaches (strength divided by muscle size) with regression-based techniques, using national survey data and the authors' own prior study as demonstrations. The authors highlight that ratio normalization carries hidden assumptions and complexities that can mislead if not explicitly tested, and suggest regression methods as an alternative.

Inspiratory Strength Training in Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Researchers reviewed records of 105 children with congenital heart disease in a cardiac ICU who were referred for inspiratory (breathing) muscle strength training, checking whether it was doable, safe, and effective. 89% completed at least one session, side effects like brief oxygen drops or slowed heart rate were transient and needed no extra care, 84% were weaned off the ventilator after a median of 2 sessions, and maximal inspiratory pressure improved significantly in those doing 2+ sessions.

Effects of blood flow restriction training combined with plyometric training on lower limb muscle strength and motor unit recruitment in basketball players: An experimental study.

Twenty elite basketball players did eight weeks of bodyweight plyometric training three times a week, either alone or with blood flow restriction (BFR) cuffs, and researchers measured hip/knee strength, muscle activation (EMG), and jump height. Both groups improved leg strength similarly, but the BFR group showed greater rectus femoris activation and bigger gains in countermovement jump height.

Gut microbiome and functional adaptations to paleo and rational diets in professional athletes: a pilot study

Ten professional male handball players were randomly assigned to eat either a Paleo diet or a conventional ("rational") diet of equal calories for 8 weeks, with stool samples analyzed at the start, 4 weeks and 8 weeks to track gut bacteria. Neither diet substantially changed the core gut microbiome, though the rational diet produced some specific bacterial and functional shifts; the Paleo diet was lower in carbs and higher in (mostly unsaturated) fats, and both diets fell short on vitamin D, with the Paleo group also low in calcium.

Beyond Weight Loss: Skeletal Muscle Health During Incretin-Based Therapy in Patients with Diabesity

This narrative review gathered trial and observational evidence on how GLP-1 drugs like semaglutide and tirzepatide (used for obesity and type 2 diabetes) affect muscle mass, quality, strength, and physical function. It reports that lean mass drops alongside big weight loss but roughly in proportion to it rather than as drug-caused muscle damage; tirzepatide appeared to lower fat infiltration in muscle, semaglutide's effects on strength and performance were mixed, especially in older or frail people, and adequate protein plus resistance training were highlighted as key to preserving muscle.

Sedentary behavior and type 2 diabetes in community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults: indirect cross-sectional correlation of sarcopenic obesity

Researchers surveyed 2,480 community-dwelling adults aged 35 and over, measuring self-reported daily sitting time, body composition, and type 2 diabetes status. More sedentary time was associated with type 2 diabetes, and part of that link (roughly 15-22%) statistically tracked with sarcopenic obesity — having low muscle mass plus excess body fat — with the strongest pattern in women aged 65 and older (about 48%).

Exercise alone or combined with functional foods in aging and age-related diseases: targeting DNA damage, repair pathways, and genome integrity

This is a review paper that pulls together existing molecular, animal, and human research on how regular exercise and "functional foods" (those rich in polyphenols, omega-3s, and flavonoids) affect DNA damage, DNA repair, oxidative stress, and genome integrity as we age. It focuses especially on the brain and whether combining exercise with these nutrients adds anything beyond either one alone, and the authors conclude such lifestyle approaches show promise while noting that translational human evidence is still limited.

Improving Functional Oral Intake in Head and Neck Cancer Survivors with Chronic Radiation-Associated Dysphagia - The Multicenter Randomized Controlled HIT-CRAD Trial.

This trial had 54 head and neck cancer survivors with long-term swallowing problems from radiation do home swallowing exercises 4 times a week for 8 weeks, comparing pure strength training against strength training followed by skill-based swallowing practice (with or without real brain stimulation). All groups improved in oral intake, swallowing function and muscle strength, but the groups that added skill training saw much bigger gains in functional oral intake, while the brain stimulation added nothing.

The Role of Aquatic Training in Improving Risk of Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression.

Researchers pooled 31 clinical trials (1,702 older adults) to see whether water-based exercise reduces fall risk factors like balance, strength, and walking ability, compared with doing nothing or with land-based training. Aquatic training produced large improvements in balance and muscle strength versus control groups, and overall worked about as well as land-based training; more weekly sessions and progressive intensity were linked to bigger balance gains.

Acute effects of the 1-minute sit-to-stand test (STST) on immune-metabolic stress indices

Researchers had 28 healthy adults do a 1-minute sit-to-stand test and took fingertip blood samples before, right after, and for 45 minutes afterward to track lactate, glucose, and immune cell counts. The single minute of effort pushed lactate above the anaerobic threshold (>4 mmol/L) and significantly raised white blood cell, lymphocyte, and granulocyte counts, with leukocytes returning to baseline within 30 minutes while granulocytes stayed elevated; lactate changes tracked with the immune cell changes.

Effects of plyometric and core training on swimming performance in prepubescent swimmers

Researchers had 30 prepubescent swimmers do eight weeks of land-based training on top of their normal pool work: one group did plyometrics, one did plyometrics plus core work, and one just swam as usual. Both training groups improved sprint times at 15 m, 25 m, and 50 m in all four strokes, plus core strength and vertical jump, while anaerobic power rose only in the plyometrics-only group and the control group showed no changes.

Auditory-cued terminal knee extension enhances vastus medialis motor unit function in the early phase following ACL reconstruction: a randomized controlled trial

Researchers tested whether adding a rhythmic auditory cue (like a beep to time each rep) to terminal knee extension exercises changed inner-quad (vastus medialis) nerve-muscle activity in people two weeks after ACL reconstruction. In the 20 participants analyzed, the cued group showed significantly bigger increases in motor unit action potential size and muscle activity, plus a rise in firing rate, while the uncued group did not — though this was only a single session with immediate measurements.

Evaluación de carbohidratos sobre la hipertrofia muscular inducida por el entrenamiento de fuerza: una revisión narrativa de la evidencia científica

This narrative review pooled 15 studies to ask whether eating carbohydrates directly drives muscle growth from lifting weights. It concluded that when protein and total calories are adequate, extra carbs don't independently boost muscle protein synthesis or mass, since that process depends mainly on essential amino acids like leucine; instead, carbs help indirectly by refilling glycogen, sustaining energy and reducing fatigue so you can train harder and longer. The authors note strength athletes are typically advised 3-7 g of carbohydrate per kg of bodyweight daily depending on training volume.

Potential effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate and exercise on brain aging and age-related disorders: implications for immunometabolic regulation and muscle–brain–immune crosstalk

This review pooled 24 studies on the leucine metabolite HMB to see whether it affects brain aging, inflammation, and immune-metabolic health, especially alongside exercise. Most studies showed gains in strength, physical performance, and function (often without much added muscle mass), but direct brain-specific evidence was lacking, and exercise itself appeared to be the main driver of the benefits, with HMB playing only a supporting, context-dependent role.

Influence of Aerobics Training on Physical Health: The Auxiliary Effect of Sportswear Design on Cardiopulmonary Function and Sports Performance

Researchers put 20 female aerobics athletes through 8 weeks of training, with one group wearing gradient compression sportswear and the other ordinary cotton kit. The compression group showed bigger gains in VO2max (13.4% more) and lactate threshold (14.4% higher), used 10.6% less energy, had 33.3% less muscle vibration, and reported less perceived exertion and better thermal comfort.

Clinical motor coordination, postural control, and simple reaction speed following a 12-week Khon Kaen Qigong program in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a controlled pre–post study

Researchers had 62 older adults with mild cognitive impairment either do a supervised Qigong program (3x/week, 60 minutes, for 12 weeks) or continue their usual lifestyle, then compared simple clinical tests of coordination, gait/posture, and reaction speed (a ruler-drop test). After 12 weeks, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups on any of these measures, with small effect sizes whose confidence intervals all included zero.

Altered kinematics and muscle activities during half squats in people with ankle sprain history

Researchers compared 10 physically active people who had recovered well from an ankle sprain ("copers") with 10 people who had never sprained an ankle, measuring joint angles and muscle activity during half squats and walking. During half squats, the copers showed less thigh rotation, more foot angle, and lower activity in the hamstring, quadriceps, and shin muscles, while walking showed almost no differences between groups.

Research on the Teaching Effect of Integrating Functional Movement Training into PE Classes Under the Background of Sports-Medicine Collaboration

This study looked at what happens when functional movement training is built into school PE classes, with students screened using the Functional Movement Screen and then given personalized corrective or strength work based on their movement quality. Classes combined dynamic warm-ups, functional training, sport skills, and cool-downs, with load managed via perceived exertion and heart rate; the authors report improvements in movement quality, neuromuscular control, and injury-prevention support.

Research on the Construction and Campus Promotion of Prevention-Oriented Intervention Model for Physical Fitness Rehabilitation of College Students—Based on the Perspective of Improving Physical Health

Researchers built a preventive fitness program for university students and tested it on 800 students who had failed their school's physical fitness test, running a 16-week multi-part intervention. Afterwards, lung capacity scores rose 12.3%, sit-and-reach flexibility improved 18.7%, and the fitness test pass rate climbed from 61.5% to 84.2%.

Improvement of Sports Training Efficiency Driven by Artificial Intelligence Practice of Monitoring and Dynamic Adjustment of Training Load through Multimodal Physiological Data Fusion

This paper proposes an AI system that combines several types of physiological sensor data (rather than a single metric like heart rate) to estimate an athlete's training load in real time and automatically adjust the training plan. The authors report that their experiments showed more accurate load assessment, better performance, faster recovery, and fewer injuries, though the abstract gives no specific numbers, athlete details, or comparison conditions.

Short-Term Training Improves the Sense of Force in a Hand Muscle

Researchers tested whether people can train their "sense of force" ormuch force their muscles are producing y having 13 adults practice force-matching tasks with an index-finger muscle nine times over three weeks, compared to a 3-week no-training control period. Training cut force-reproduction errors roughly in half at low force levels (5% of max) in the trained hand, with only a trend toward improvement at 20% of max and no benefit carrying over to the untrained hand.

Low-frequency resistance training enhances 2D strain-derived carotid strain and strain rate: a novel longitudinal application of strain imaging in healthy middle-aged females

Sixteen inactive middle-aged women did resistance training just once a week for 12 weeks, and researchers used ultrasound to check the flexibility and function of their neck (carotid) and arm arteries, both at rest and during a handgrip stress test. Resting measures didn't change, but carotid artery strain and strain rate improved across the handgrip conditions after training, while traditional stiffness measures and brachial flow-mediated dilation showed no change.

Optimization of Textile Material Properties for Sports Protection Needs and Analysis of Design Compatibility for Athletic Protective Gear

This engineering paper looks at how to match textile material properties (impact absorption, stretch recovery, breathability, abrasion resistance) to the protective needs of different sports, using injury data and user feedback from six sport scenarios. It proposes a framework linking protection requirements to material optimization and gear design, but the abstract reports no tested performance results.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle morphology is independently associated with neck strength and endurance in athletes and para-athletes

Researchers used ultrasound to measure the size (cross-sectional area) of the sternocleidomastoid, a main neck muscle, in 195 men including athletes, para-athletes, and active controls, then compared it to neck strength, endurance, and range of motion. Bigger SCM muscles were linked to stronger and longer-lasting neck flexion even after accounting for age, BMI, grip strength, and sport type, while plain neck girth did not explain performance in the same way; SCM size was not independently tied to neck extensor strength and was slightly linked to less extension range of motion.

A Review of Rejuvenation Strategies Targeting Mesenchymal Stem Cell Senescence and Their Impact on Bone Health and Regeneration

This review looks at how aging causes mesenchymal stem cells (the cells that help build and repair bone) to become 'senescent' or worn out, and how that contributes to age-related bone loss. It surveys strategies being researched to rejuvenate these cells, including senolytic drugs, biomaterials and nanovesicles, and physical exercise, noting that clinical trials are underway but that these approaches are still in development.

An Analysis of Curved and Linear Sprint Performance Scores Based on Playing Positions in the U17 Football Team

Researchers timed 30 U17 soccer players from one club on linear sprints and curved sprints to both the strong and weak sides, then compared results across playing positions. Times were similar across the board (roughly 2.6 s), curved sprint times on the two sides were strongly correlated, and no significant differences were found between positions.

DELTA: Strengthening human biological resilience with an N=1 digital health and dynamic biomarker protocol

DELTA is a single-person (N=1) self-experiment in which one healthy participant combined time-restricted eating, strength and cardio training, a Mediterranean-style diet, and supplements while tracking blood biomarkers, sleep wearables, microbiome, and AI-based analytics. The paper describes the protocol and proposes new 'dynamic resilience' metrics based on how biomarkers respond to challenges like fasting; it reports no group results, since it is a methods paper on one individual.

The effects of bar positioning, stance width, repetition, and load on muscle activity during the barbell back squat

Researchers used EMG and motion capture on 18 lifters to see how bar position (high vs low), stance width (wide vs narrow), and load/reps (10 reps at 50% vs 3 reps at 80%) changed activation in seven leg and hip muscles. A wide stance raised vastus medialis activation and heavier loads raised vastus lateralis and semitendinosus activation, but no single squat setup consistently produced more muscle activity overall.

Effects of different resistance exercise programs on upper limb functional recovery in postoperative breast cancer patients.

Researchers randomly assigned 111 women recovering from breast cancer surgery (with lymph node removal) to no exercise, upper-limb resistance training, or that same training plus grip-strength work, then tracked grip strength and shoulder function over 16 weeks plus 3- and 6-month follow-ups. Both training groups beat the control group on shoulder range of motion, pain, muscle strength, overall shoulder score, and grip strength, and the combined grip-plus-resistance program produced the best results.

The Cold Water Immersion and Cryotherapy in Post-Exercise Recovery: A Narrative

This narrative review pooled existing research on cold water immersion (10-15 minutes at 10-15\ixmath\degree C) and whole-body cryotherapy (2-4 minutes at -110 to -190\degree C) as post-exercise recovery tools. Both reliably reduced muscle soreness, markers of muscle damage and inflammation, and improved how recovered athletes felt, but repeated cold water immersion after resistance training may blunt muscle protein synthesis and muscle growth, while endurance adaptations appear largely unaffected.

Understanding Anterior Cruciate Ligament Adaptation: Structural, Mechanical, and Healing Considerations.

This narrative review pulls together animal and human evidence showing the ACL isn't just a passive rope in the knee — it remodels in response to the loads you place on it, influenced by training type, sex, maturation stage, and blood supply. The authors report that endurance and resistance training can increase ligament stiffness, strength and cross-sectional area, that athletes who start heavy training in adolescence show ligament hypertrophy, and that both chronic underloading and chaotic overload raise injury risk.

Effects of balance, coordination, and strength training in children with low vision: a randomized controlled study.

Researchers randomly assigned 22 children aged 7-14 with low vision to either an eight-week physiotherapy program (three 75-minute sessions per week of balance, coordination, and strengthening exercises) or a no-training control group, then measured motor skills, posture, gait, and muscle strength. The training group improved on overall motor proficiency scores, including fine motor integration, bilateral coordination, running speed, agility, and strength, and the authors conclude the program improved motor proficiency, posture, gait, and muscle strength.

The relationship between sarcopenia detected in newly diagnosed lung cancer patients and serum levels of IL6, IGF-1 and myostatin

Researchers compared 69 newly diagnosed metastatic lung cancer patients with and without sarcopenia (severe muscle loss), measuring body composition, grip strength, and blood levels of myostatin, IGF-1, and IL-6. Sarcopenic patients had significantly higher myostatin and IL-6 and lower IGF-1, with myostatin and IGF-1 emerging as independent predictors of sarcopenia.

Sleep Loss and Post-Exercise Muscle Recovery Hormonal, Inflammatory, Metabolic and Circadian Mechanisms with Practical Implications for Athletes

This narrative review gathered existing research on how not getting enough sleep affects muscle recovery after exercise. The authors report that sleep loss appears to disrupt growth hormone/IGF-1 signaling, raise cortisol, alter testosterone, increase inflammation, lower muscle protein synthesis, impair mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity, and disturb muscle circadian rhythms — all of which may blunt repair and training adaptation.

Urolithins in clinical translation: from gut microbial metabolites to precision interventions

This is a review of urolithins, compounds your gut bacteria make from pomegranate and other ellagitannin-rich foods, which appear to affect mitochondrial housekeeping, autophagy, inflammation, and metabolism. The authors summarize the mechanisms and human trial evidence for urolithin A (safety, dosing, biomarkers) and argue that clinical use is still unsettled because people differ widely in how much urolithin their microbiome produces, and because of unresolved questions about active forms, dose–response, and trial design.

Transcending aging: disease specificity, assessment challenges, and management strategies for rheumatoid arthritis-related sarcopenia

This review examines why muscle loss (sarcopenia) is common in rheumatoid arthritis even in younger patients, arguing that chronic inflammation, steroid use and joint disuse drive muscle breakdown through a linked 'muscle-bone-fat' pathway. It also notes that standard age-based sarcopenia tests (like handgrip strength) can be misleading when joints are inflamed and painful, and that biologic drugs help preserve muscle mass while JAK inhibitors appear better for restoring strength and physical performance.

Surface Electrical Impedance Myography in Assessment of Morphofunctional Changes in Biological Tissues and Biofeedback Interfaces

This is a scoping review of 51 studies (2016-2025) on electrical impedance myography (EIM), a noninvasive method that passes a tiny current through muscle to gauge its structure and composition. The authors report that EIM appears to be a useful tool for assessing muscle condition, correlates with muscle contraction force, and can support diagnosis, rehabilitation, and biofeedback, though how the signal is generated is still not fully understood.

Effects of blood flow restriction–augmented baduanjin training on quadriceps strength and postural stability in sedentary young men: a randomized controlled trial

Researchers had 38 sedentary young men do 8 weeks of Baduanjin (a gentle Chinese qigong exercise routine) either alone or with blood flow restriction cuffs on the legs. The BFR group gained significantly more quadriceps strength and showed steadier single-leg balance with eyes open, though eyes-closed balance was no different between groups, and no adverse events occurred.

Effects of high-intensity interval cross training and classical training on physical and sprint performance in male junior sprinters

Researchers split 64 male junior sprinters into two groups for 8 weeks: one did high-intensity interval cross training (HIICT, mixing sprints, plyometrics, and functional strength work) and the other did classical sprint training, with both groups matched for overall training effort. The HIICT group showed better improvements in 100 m sprint time, the first 60 m split, ground contact time, countermovement jump, relative peak power, and power clean, while body composition and most strength measures improved similarly in both groups.

Are exercise benefits in older adults clinically meaningful?: An ancillary and follow-up analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial

Researchers re-analyzed a trial of 188 adults over 75 with mild cognitive impairment who did a 3-month home-based multicomponent exercise program (Vivifrail, 3-5 days/week) or nothing, asking how many individuals improved enough to matter clinically. Nearly 9 in 10 exercisers improved meaningfully on at least one measure, driven mainly by better physical performance (SPPB), with no group differences in mood, cognition, grip strength, or daily-living independence.

Effect of Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training on Exercise Capacity, Muscle Strength, Quality of Life, and Mortality in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis.

This review pooled randomized trials testing combined aerobic plus resistance training (CART) in people with coronary heart disease, looking at fitness (peak VO2, 6-minute walk), strength, quality of life, and death rates. Compared with usual non-exercise care, CART improved peak VO2, muscle strength measures, and quality of life and was linked to fewer deaths; it also outperformed aerobic-only training on fitness, walking distance, strength, and quality of life, and beat resistance-only training for peak VO2.

Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation on Sarcopenia and Frailty in Older Adults – A Narrative Review

This narrative review gathered existing research on whey protein supplements in older adults with sarcopenia (age-related muscle loss) or frailty. It reports that whey-containing interventions may help increase muscle mass, especially alongside resistance training or other anabolic nutrients, while effects on strength and physical function were less consistent and depended on factors like exercise, dose, duration, and baseline nutrition.

Vitamin D as a Modulator of Sarcopenia in Women: Interactions with Dietary Patterns and Physical Exercise.

This review examines how vitamin D, diet, and exercise work together to protect muscle in women, who face higher sarcopenia risk after menopause due to falling estrogen. The authors report that vitamin D supports muscle fiber integrity and repair and may improve strength, balance and physical performance while lowering fall risk, especially when combined with protein/leucine-rich diets and resistance training, though the evidence base is inconsistent.

Influence of Isokinetic Muscle Strength Training Combined With Early Functional Exercise on Joint Function After Knee Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Researchers looked back at 252 matched patients recovering from knee cruciate ligament (ACL/PCL) reconstruction, comparing those who did early functional rehab alone with those who added isokinetic strength training starting 4 weeks after surgery. The combined group scored higher on knee function questionnaires (IKDC and KOOS) at 8, 12 and 24 weeks, and by 24 weeks also had greater range of motion and stronger knee extensors and flexors.

Validity and Sensitivity of Extended Field-of-View Wireless Palm-Sized Ultrasonography for Assessing Muscle Hypertrophy.

Researchers tested whether a small wireless handheld ultrasound with a panoramic (extended field-of-view) scan could measure quadriceps cross-sectional area as accurately as MRI, first in 100 adults and then across an 8-week resistance training program in 11 men. The device showed excellent repeatability, correlated very strongly with MRI (r = 0.98), and detected training-induced muscle growth that tracked closely with MRI changes (r = 0.92).

Genome-Wide Association Study of Lean Body Mass Response to Resistance Training in Young Asians.

Researchers had 187 sedentary young adults do a supervised 12-week resistance training program (squats and bench press, 5x10 at 70% of 1RM, twice weekly) and scanned their DNA to see which gene variants predicted lean body mass gains measured by DEXA. The group gained lean mass overall, and nine genetic variants were linked to differences in gains; a combined genetic score explained about 28% of the person-to-person variation in response.

A Mouse Ladder-Climb Protocol Induces Acute Anabolic Signaling and Muscle-Specific Adaptations to Resistance Training.

Researchers tested whether mice climbing a weighted ladder show the same muscle-building responses as humans doing resistance training, looking at both a single session and 6 weeks of training. A single session raised muscle-protein-building signals (mTOR activation, new protein synthesis, and muscle growth gene activity), while 6 weeks increased strength, fat-free mass, sarcomeric protein levels, muscle fiber diameter, and satellite cell numbers and fusion, with no change in general physical performance.

Mobile health-based nudging intervention program to promote exercise behavior among pre-frail and frail older adults in the community: A mixed-methods pilot study

Researchers gave 12 community-dwelling older adults who were pre-frail or frail a 12-week app-based program that used "nudges" (reminders, rewards, encouragement) to prompt exercise, then interviewed them about the experience. Adherence was high (91.7%) with no related adverse events, and participants improved on frailty score, 4-meter walk time, 5-time sit-to-stand, and the Short Physical Performance Battery, though grip strength and balance didn't change; users cited tech glitches and limited exercise variety as drawbacks and flexibility, rewards, and program quality as motivators.

CROSSFIT Tabata-Based Course Pack for Promoting Good Health and Well-Being Among Tertiary Students

Researchers in the Philippines built a CrossFit Tabata-based fitness course pack for a college PE class and tested it on one group of students before and after the program, using fitness measures plus student and instructor feedback. Students' health-related fitness scores improved significantly, and they rated the program highly for usability, intensity, engagement, music, mood, and movement variety, though instructors flagged issues like poor internet, limited equipment and space, and hard-to-track progress.

A Tripartite Framework of Conflict-Induced Stress, Acoustic Hypervigilance, and Ramadan Observance as Convergent Determinants of Circadian Decoherence in Athletes

This is a review paper (not a new experiment) proposing a framework for how three stressors irumen-conflict-related chronic stress, being jolted awake by missile sirens and emergency alerts, and Ramadan fasting irumen-can each disrupt sleep, cortisol rhythms, and recovery in athletes. The authors argue these pressures may compound when they overlap, distinguish siren-driven nighttime hypervigilance from ordinary screen-related sleep loss, and suggest cortisol markers plus countermeasures like noise management, adjusted meal timing, napping, and resilience training.

Exercise, physical confidence, and quality of life in older adults

Researchers surveyed 48 community-dwelling adults aged 51-87 about how much weight training, cardio, and flexibility work they did, then tested whether those activities predicted quality of life, physical independence, and confidence in their physical abilities. Exercise type didn't significantly predict quality of life or independence, but it did predict physical confidence, with weight training the only individual activity that stood out as a significant predictor.

Blood Biochemical Acute Daily Responses During an Intensive Training Microcycle: A Case Report of an Olympic Kayaker

Researchers tracked daily fasting blood markers in one 35-year-old Olympic kayaker across a normal week and a deliberately intensified training week. During the hard week, muscle-damage marker creatine kinase roughly doubled and stayed high, cortisol and epinephrine rose, serum iron dropped about a third, while red blood cells, hemoglobin, testosterone, and the inflammation marker CRP stayed stable — suggesting heavy but well-tolerated stress.

Entrenamiento de fuerza con volante de inercia y determinantes del rendimiento en corredores de larga distancia: revisión narrativa

This narrative review gathered existing research on what drives long-distance running performance and whether strength training — specifically flywheel (inertial) resistance training that stresses the eccentric, lowering phase — can improve it. The reviewed evidence suggests strength work emphasizing eccentric actions and fast force production improves running economy and endurance performance without hurting VO2max, and flywheel training may boost stretch-shortening cycle function and tendon stiffness, though the authors note the evidence is still limited and inconsistent.

Inflammaging as a systems-level integrator of disease: Biological foundations of chronic low-grade inflammation

This is a review article explaining "inflammaging" — the persistent, low-grade inflammation that builds up as we age — and the biology behind it, including immune cell aging, senescent cells, mitochondrial decline, and epigenetic changes. The authors argue this chronic inflammation is an active, body-wide process linked to frailty, heart disease, neurodegeneration, muscle loss (sarcopenia), metabolic problems, and osteoarthritis, and they propose viewing it as a breakdown in communication between organ systems rather than isolated organ disease.

TruBlk™ Shilajit Resin Supplementation Improves Muscle Strength, Endurance, and Exercise Recovery in Males Undertaking Resistance Training: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Trial

Researchers gave 100 resistance-trained men aged 21-50 either 250 mg of a standardised shilajit resin twice daily or a placebo for 90 days, while everyone kept their normal training and diet. The shilajit group improved more than placebo in leg press 1RM (+26% vs +18%), muscle endurance, grip strength, perceived exertion and soreness, and also showed bigger drops in muscle-damage markers (creatine kinase, LDH), higher testosterone, and a small VO2max edge, with no adverse events reported.

Body composition changes over a 4-year span in American college football players

Researchers used DEXA scans to track body composition in 27 US college football players (linemen and non-linemen) across four years. Both groups gained lean mass (about 3.3 kg, ~4%) and bone density (~3%), but for linemen, gains above roughly 104 kg total mass came with about 1.8 kg of fat for every 1 kg of lean mass added.

The Effect of Circuit Training on Leg Muscle Power During the Crouch Start in the 60-Meter Dash in Extracurricular Track and Field

Researchers tested whether a circuit training program improved 60-meter sprint times in 10 elementary-school students in a track and field extracurricular program, comparing times before and after the training. Average sprint time dropped from 6.486 to 5.656 seconds, a statistically significant improvement (p = 0.000).

Physiologic Adaptations to Modifying Resistive Load and Time Under Tension During Expiratory Muscle Strength Training.

Researchers had 20 healthy young adults perform expiratory muscle strength training (breathing out against resistance) under four conditions that varied resistance (50% vs 75% of maximum expiratory pressure) and how long each breath was held (0.2 s vs 1 s), measuring rib cage and abdominal movement, submental (under-chin) muscle activity, and perceived effort. The conditions produced significantly different acute responses, with rib cage excursion 5-24% of maximum, abdominal excursion 6-19%, submental muscle activation 40-57%, and varying ratings of perceived exertion.

Unstable trunk core strength training improves shooting performance and holding stability in elite 10 m air pistol athletes: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Twenty national-level 10 m air pistol shooters did 8 weeks of core training either on unstable surfaces (Swiss balls, BOSU, balance discs) or on stable ground, and researchers measured body sway and gun-holding steadiness. The unstable-surface group improved more on most measures, including sway area, shooting scores and aim steadiness, though after statistical correction for multiple comparisons only a couple of outcomes stayed significant, so the authors call it preliminary pilot evidence.

Visceral Obesity and Its Complications: The Role of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Longevity Medicine

This narrative review pulls together research on visceral (belly-organ) fat, explaining how it acts like an active organ that drives insulin resistance, chronic low-grade inflammation, and faster biological ageing. It focuses on bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), especially the 'phase angle' reading, as a cheap non-invasive marker of cell health: people with visceral obesity often show low phase angle values similar to frail elderly individuals, though the authors note the evidence is mostly cross-sectional and needs longitudinal validation.

Investigation of the impact of pressurization coupled with eccentric resistance training on the explosive strength of the lower limbs in male college students specializing in sprinting.

Sixteen male college sprinters did eccentric lower-body training three times a week for six weeks, with half of them also wearing a thigh cuff at 150 mmHg to restrict blood flow during the work. Both groups improved hip extensor strength, jumping, sprint speed, anaerobic capacity, and leg girth, but the blood-flow-restriction group gained more and also reduced left-right strength imbalance.

Intermuscular coordination adaptations to strength training: Insights from muscle synergy analysis during squats with different loads.

Researchers measured muscle activation (EMG) in seven leg muscles during squats at loads from 40-90% of 1RM, comparing untrained people before and after a 6-week squat program (3x/week, 5x10 at 75% 1RM) against experienced powerlifters and weightlifters. Six weeks of training raised strength by about 25%, but coordination patterns changed only slightly; the experienced lifters showed clearly different timing and muscle weightings, especially around the ankle, suggesting coordination shifts happen gradually over years.

Fractionated proteomics identifies a protein network mitigating resistance exercise-induced damage in human skeletal muscle.

Researchers repeatedly sampled human muscle before and after bouts of resistance training to track how proteins around the muscle's contractile scaffolding change after damaging lifting. They found a coordinated protein network centered on BAG3 (including mechanical sensors, small heat-shock proteins, and a lipid-droplet protein) that shifts and becomes chemically tagged after hard training, helping detect strained muscle structures and clear them via a chaperone-assisted autophagy clean-up process.

The effects of 8-week wearable resistance training on neuromuscular adaptations in soccer players

Thirty trained male college soccer players did 8 weeks of normal technical-tactical training, with half wearing light weights (2% of body mass on the legs) three sessions per week and half wearing unloaded placebo garments. The weighted group improved more in 10-m and 30-m sprints, jump height, and rate of force development, while maximal strength and muscle size/architecture didn't change, and perceived training load was similar between groups.

The relationship between resistance exercise and cardiometabolic health: a cross-sectional analysis of the 1970 British cohort study

Researchers looked at nearly 4,900 British adults aged 46-48 to see whether how often they did resistance training was linked to blood pressure, cholesterol ratio, and blood sugar (HbA1c), while accounting for device-measured moderate-to-vigorous activity. Lifting more often was linked to better values on all three markers when adjusting for sex and activity, but after also accounting for smoking, alcohol, education, and health status, only the link between lifting at least twice a week and a healthier cholesterol ratio held up.

Protecting the brain from post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia with multimodal exercise training: study protocol for a Bayesian adaptive trial (PROTECT).

This is a study protocol (plan), not results: researchers describe an upcoming 12-week trial testing whether multimodal exercise training (aerobic, strength and other components) can protect thinking skills in people recently after a stroke. Up to 120 participants will be randomised, with cognition measured by the ADAS-Cog-13 plus brain imaging, blood markers, fitness, strength and quality-of-life outcomes at 6 and 12 months.

Effects of Aerobic Exercise and Strength Training on Nociplastic Pain and Clinical Features in Temporomandibular Disorders With Myalgia: A Randomized-Controlled Trial.

Researchers randomly assigned 43 people with jaw-muscle pain (temporomandibular disorder) plus signs of widespread pain sensitivity to 6 weeks of physical therapy alone, physical therapy plus high-intensity interval cycling, or physical therapy plus upper/lower body strength training. Compared with physical therapy alone, adding aerobic intervals produced greater reductions in pain, central sensitization symptoms, fear of movement, and sleep problems, with pain benefits still present at 12 weeks; strength training mainly reduced fear of movement at follow-up and improved trapezius strength.

The effect of squat training with different eccentric contraction tempos on lower limb muscle strength

Thirty sports-training students did squats twice a week for 8 weeks using one of three lowering speeds: a slow 4-second eccentric, a 2-second eccentric, or a self-selected tempo, and were tested on max squat strength, jump height, and 30 m sprint. All groups got stronger with no significant difference between them, but the 2-second eccentric group showed the biggest effect sizes for strength and the clearest gains in countermovement jump, squat jump, and sprint performance, while the 4-second group's jump effects were negative.

Posterior Ankle Impingement Syndrome in Dancers

This narrative review covers posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS), a common cause of pain at the back of the ankle in ballet dancers that comes from forced or repeated pointing of the foot (plantar flexion). The authors summarize the relevant anatomy, how the injury develops, how it's diagnosed and treated, and dance-specific factors for returning to dance; no new experimental results are reported.

Effects of cold water immersion versus active recovery on oxidative stress, redox gene expression and mitochondrial adaptations after strength training.

Researchers compared 10 minutes of cold water immersion versus active recovery after strength training, looking at oxidative stress markers, redox gene activity, and mitochondrial adaptations over single sessions and 3 months of twice-weekly training. Cold water lowered some oxidative stress markers acutely but did not change redox gene expression or mitochondrial enzyme adaptations compared with active recovery, though the cold group showed better muscle oxygen kinetics after training.

Comparison Between Bilateral and Unilateral Leg-Press Resistance Exercise Training for Their Effects on Muscle Strength and Jump Performance.

Researchers had 28 untrained young men do eccentric-focused leg-press training twice a week for 8 weeks, one group training both legs together and the other training one leg at a time, then compared strength and jumping gains. Single-leg (unilateral) training produced greater gains in single-leg 1RM strength, likely due to training specificity, but the two approaches produced similar changes in other strength and jump measures.

Muscle hypertrophy and strength improvements following blood flow restriction combined with resistance training in team-athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

This review pooled 12 studies (859 team-sport athletes) comparing resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) against regular resistance training. Adding BFR produced small but significant extra gains in muscle size and strength, but did not meaningfully improve explosive performance like jumping or sprinting.

Soccer Players' Physical Performance After Loaded Plyometric-Jump Training: A Systematic Review.

Researchers pooled six randomized trials (214 soccer players) comparing plyometric jump training done with extra load (weighted vests, dumbbells, etc.) against regular unloaded plyometrics or no training. Loaded training showed favorable changes in some outcomes like horizontal jumping and strength/power, but unloaded plyometrics produced comparable gains in vertical jump, sprinting, change-of-direction and soccer-specific measures, and the overall certainty of evidence was low to very low.

The Resistance Training Dose Response: Meta-Regressions Exploring the Effects of Weekly Volume and Frequency on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Gains

Systematic review with meta-regressions examining how weekly set volume and training frequency relate to muscle hypertrophy and strength adaptations.

Effects of Advanced Resistance Training Systems on Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength in Recreationally Trained Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing advanced resistance-training techniques (e.g. drop sets, rest-pause, supersets) against traditional training for hypertrophy and strength.

The effects of velocity-based vs. percentage-based resistance training on sports performance in trained individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing velocity-based against percentage-based resistance training for strength, jump, sprint, and change-of-direction performance.

Power in the flow: how menstrual experiences shape women's strength training performance

Study exploring how women's lived menstrual experiences shape their strength-training performance and training behaviour.

Creatine supplementation and resistance training: a comparison between novice and experienced lifters — a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

Dose-response meta-analysis comparing the strength and lean-mass effects of creatine plus resistance training in novice versus experienced lifters.