Development and preliminary validation of an electronic reaction training device for assessing Dwi Chagi reaction time and kick accuracy
Fahmy Fachrezzy, Uzizatun Maslikah, Dadan Resmana, Sendy Mohamad Anugrah, Rizky Nurulfa · JOURNAL SPORT AREA · 2026
Background: Successful execution of the Dwi Chagi kick requires rapid reaction time and precise kick placement. Although various training interventions have been developed to improve kicking performance,
Objective: assessment during routine training remains limited because evaluations are still largely based on conventional coach observation.
Objectives: This study
Aims: to develop and evaluate an electronic reaction training device for objectively assessing reaction time and Dwi Chagi kick accuracy in junior taekwondo athletes.
Methods: This study employed a modified three-stage Research and Development model consisting of the Define,
Design: , and Develop phases. The device was designed, prototyped, and evaluated through expert validation involving three nationally certified taekwondo coaches and three sports instrumentation experts. Content validity was assessed using Aiken’s V coefficient, whereas operational performance was evaluated through field testing involving 16 junior taekwondo athletes. Measurement reliability was examined using inter-rater and test–retest Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC).
Results: The developed device demonstrated excellent content validity (Aiken’s V = 0.889) and good-to-excellent measurement reliability (ICC = 0.86-0.91). Field evaluation demonstrated that the system successfully generated randomised visual stimuli, objectively recorded reaction time, and automatically assessed Dwi Chagi kick accuracy, achieving successful detection rates of 82.0% for left-leg kicks and 88.0% for right-leg kicks.
Conclusion: The proposed electronic reaction training device demonstrated satisfactory content validity, operational feasibility, and measurement reliability, indicating its potential as a practical tool for
objective reaction-time and kick-accuracy assessment during taekwondo training. However, further criterion validation against established reference systems is required before widespread implementation.