Velocity-Based & Technology

Ultrasound technologies to assess bone health: Past, present and future

Mental Health Monitoring in Esports Athletes Using an mHealth App: Requirements Analysis and Usability Study.

Human Activity Recognition of Figure Skating Jumps Using Abdominal Electromyography and Accelerometry

Does maturity status affect the mechanical response to high-speed running activities during international youth football match play?

Using Statistical Time-Series Forecasting to Predict the Resting Heart Rate From Wearable Device Data: Case Report.

Inter-session consistency of sprint-derived mechanical outputs in youth male soccer players: A combined classical and data-driven approach

Validation of Fiala-based thermo-physiological model and predicted heat strain method for predicting rectal temperature and sweat rate in protective clothing

NeuroVisio SyncPatch: A Skin-Conformal Multimodal EMG-Motion Sensing Platform for Quantitative Neuromuscular Rehabilitation and Performance Monitoring.

NeuroVisio SyncPatch is a wearable patch that combines muscle activation sensing (EMG) with motion tracking to monitor movement and muscle coordination during rehabilitation at home. In people with poor knee alignment (dynamic knee valgus), using this system with real-time feedback improved knee positioning and coordination between leg muscles.

Augmenting rhythm: a scoping review of technologies and feedback modalities in elite sport

This review examined 129 studies from 2000–2025 on how technologies like wearable sensors and visual feedback can help train rhythm (precise timing and flow of movement) in elite sports. The review found that most current systems use wearable sensors and visual displays but tend to target beginners with simple movement metrics rather than the complex timing patterns needed for elite performance, and about 20% of studies lack formal validation.

FLOORCOACH Mobile App with Virtual Coach Feature with Personalized Floorball Skill Enhancement : Development and Validity

Researchers developed FLOORCOACH, a mobile app with a virtual coach feature designed to teach floorball skills like dribbling, passing, and shooting with personalized feedback. The app was validated by experts and tested with athletes and coaches, earning high scores for validity (95.5%) and practicality (91.3%), suggesting it effectively supports athletes in learning fundamental floorball techniques.

Monitoreo Fisiológico Basado en Tecnología Wearable en el Período Precompetitivo Mediante Entrenamiento de Precisión en Atletas de Pencak Silat

This study examined how wearable technology devices (smartwatches and fitness trackers) can monitor real-time physiological responses like heart rate, oxygen levels, and recovery status to guide training decisions in Pencak Silat athletes. The results showed that heart rate increased with training intensity, oxygen saturation dipped during hard efforts, and athletes needed longer recovery periods after intense sessions, with wearable data enabling more precise training adjustments.

Spatiotemporal gait parameters and ground reaction force analysis in female non-gymnasts versus gymnasts during adolescence and university stages

This study compared how female gymnasts and non-gymnasts walk at two age levels (middle school and university), measuring things like step speed, stride length, and ground forces. Female gymnasts showed distinct walking patterns compared to non-gymnasts at both age levels, with differences in cadence, speed, stride length, and the forces their feet generate during different parts of the walking cycle.

The pathway to senior soccer: quantifying positional match demands from Under-17 to first team

Researchers tracked 79 young soccer players across four age groups (U17 to first team) using GPS units to measure physical demands during matches, analyzing metrics like sprinting, distance covered, and accelerations. First-team players covered significantly more sprint distance and had higher overall physical load than younger groups, though positional demands (center-back, full-back, midfielder, forward) stayed relatively consistent across age groups.

Review on badminton players hand-grip analysis and tactical dynamics prediction using egocentric vision

This review examines how computer vision technology, specifically egocentric cameras worn by players, can be used to analyze hand-grip patterns and predict tactical decisions in badminton. The paper summarizes existing research methods and datasets while identifying gaps in how first-person video analysis can improve badminton player performance.

Biomechanical and Technical Indicators of Talent Identification and Swimming Performance in Young Swimmers

A distributed event-triggered framework for coordinating athlete autonomic states via wearable sensor networks.

Physiological responses and concerns regarding syncope of soldiers during State Ceremonial and Public Duties

Biomechanical Parameters of Attacking Throws as a Basis for Technical Training in Judo

This study analyzed the biomechanics of the O-goshi throw in judo by measuring force and timing parameters in 77 high school students, comparing beginners to advanced athletes. The researchers found that force gradient, maximum vertical force, and force impulse were the most informative characteristics for understanding and evaluating this throwing technique.

Coordination abilities and movement organization during the fencing lunge in youth foil fencers: an exploratory biomechanical study

This exploratory study examined whether coordination abilities—like balance, reaction time, and rhythm—are associated with the speed and timing of movements during the fencing lunge in young foil fencers. After accounting for multiple statistical comparisons, the study found no statistically significant relationships between coordination abilities and lunge kinematics, though some correlations were observed before correction.

Running Constraints Shape Multifractal Movement Complexity Beyond Physiological and Mechanical Load: A Pilot Study

Effects of 10% Versus 30% Velocity Loss Thresholds on Strength and Explosive Performance in Trained Female Collegiate Athletes: A Randomized Parallel-Group Trial

This study compared training female collegiate athletes with two different velocity-loss thresholds (stopping sets when movement speed dropped 10% versus 30%) during squat training for 8 weeks. The 30% velocity-loss group gained more maximal squat strength, while the 10% velocity-loss group showed better improvements in long jumping and sprint speed, though both groups improved across all measures tested.

The Impact of Sports Participation on Gait in Young Adults: A Multifactorial Biomechanical Analysis of Athletes, Former Athletes and Sedentary Individuals

This study compared walking patterns in 30 young adults across three groups: current competitive athletes, former athletes, and sedentary individuals using advanced motion capture technology. Current and former athletes showed better overall gait quality (measured by GDI and GPS scores) compared to sedentary individuals, though basic walking parameters like speed and stride length were similar across groups.

IMU-based identification of rowing conditions through supervised machine learning

This study tested whether a chest-mounted motion sensor could distinguish between three different rowing training conditions: static ergometer rowing, dynamic ergometer rowing, and on-water rowing using machine learning algorithms. The best model achieved 85.5% accuracy at identifying rowing conditions overall, though performance varied significantly between individual athletes, with on-water rowing being identified most reliably while dynamic ergometer rowing was often misclassified as on-water rowing.

Physical Performance Profiles of Highly Trained U14–U19 Youth Soccer Players: Age-Category Differences and Associations with Maturity Offset

Within-player associations between GPS-derived external training load and heart rate-based internal training load in elite youth male soccer training

This study tracked 11 elite youth soccer players over nine weeks to see how GPS-measured external training load (distance covered, high-speed running, explosive movements) related to heart rate-based internal training load. The findings showed that total heart rate exertion was very strongly linked to total distance covered, while heart rate per minute was more closely tied to the intensity of movements rather than overall volume.

Electrical bioimpedance spectral markers distinguish balance ability in older adults without provoking fall risk

Within-Athlete Associations Between WHOOP Activity Strain, Coach-Prescribed Training Objectives, and Session-RPE in an Elite Junior Swimmer: A Longitudinal Single-Case Study.

Discovering the mechanics of ultra-low density elastomeric foams in elite-level racing shoes.

This study used mechanical testing and machine learning to understand how ultra-low-density foams in elite racing shoes behave under different types of stress (compression, tension, and shear). The researchers found that the two foams tested have similar cushioning properties but different stiffness characteristics, with one foam showing substantially greater lateral stiffness while maintaining comparable vertical energy return.

Influence of vertical GPS sensor placement on criterion agreement and interchangeability of distance and speed measures

This study compared how accurately PlayerTek GPS units measured distance and peak speed when worn at two different back positions (upper-back versus mid-back) during team-sport drills and sprints. The upper-back placement, as recommended by the manufacturer, provided much more accurate distance measurements with minimal error, while the mid-back position significantly underestimated distance; peak speed measurements were less affected by placement but still favored the upper-back position.

Transferability of Intra- and Inter-Sectoral Coordination Between Training Tasks and Official Matches in Semi-Professional Football Players.

Timing and Speed-Measurement Systems for Linear Sprint Testing in Sport: A Systematic Review of Construct Non-Equivalence, Measurement Properties, and Reporting Standards

This systematic review examined how different timing and speed-measurement systems used for sprint testing (like timing gates, GPS, radar, and video analysis) compare to each other and whether they produce equivalent results. The authors found that similar-sounding sprint measurements often differ across systems and protocols due to variations in start definitions, trigger events, sampling rates, and data processing, and that many studies fail to report critical error statistics needed to judge whether differences are meaningful.

Field-based and laboratory monitoring tools in aerobic gymnastics: a scoping review of measurement properties, physiological relevance, and change following training or competitive exposure

The Effects of Wearable-Based Real-Time Feedback on Muscle Activation During Kettlebell Compound Exercises

Examining the Relationship Between Changes in Lower-Limb Isometric Strength and Subsequent Physical Training Outputs in Elite Australian Rules Football Players

Functional asymmetry in young male and female artistic gymnasts

Time-of-day variation in endurance and strength performance, and physiological state across the waking day

Anaerobic Power Cycling Training and Lower-Extremity Performance in Elite Female Handball Players: A Predictive Model Based on Morphological Indices

Artificial intelligence and sports genomics: advancing precision sports science and athletic performance.

Rating of perceived exertion as an indirect indicator of velocity loss during power back squat exercise with moderate loads

Human bioimpedance-based state detection technologies for sports health monitoring: a review

A Six-Week Dynamic Stretching Warm-Up Protocol Enhances Dynamic Balance but Not Sprint and Agility Performance in Adolescent Male Volleyball Players

A worldwide synthesis of handball research: regional identities, performance themes, and emerging scientific directions

From Physiology to Bioheat Simulation: A Data‐Driven Framework for Core Temperature Initialization

Training Load-Recovery Mismatch and Injury Occurrence in Competitive Athletes: Insights From Longitudinal Monitoring.

Running-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries in Saudi Arabia: Epidemiology, Biomechanical Determinants, and Global Comparative Insights.

A study on the load coupling model of basketball athletes based on multi-source wearable sensor data fusion and unscented Kalman filter

Arm muscle power, eye-hand coordination, and psychological distress predict jab-straight punch frequency

Sensor-based assessment agreement and indirect effect of kinesthetic perception and BMI with planned change-of-direction performance in junior martial arts athletes

From Biomechanical Markers to Risk Prediction: Machine Learning Advances in Early Warning of Recurrent Acute Ankle Sprain

Physical performance adaptations following a 10-week pre-season in senior rugby players

Muscle architectural and performance adaptations following an 8-week sprint-focused training intervention

Heart rate variability-guided endurance training: evaluating strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for load prescription and adjustment.

Paddle-to-podium: A case study of sprint-paddle technique training in an elite female surfer

Influence of Training Load on Recovery, Wellness, and Performance in Elite Soccer Athletes.

Analysis of professional football players’ sprint performance efficiency in matches

Construct differentiation and reliability of a novel curvilinear sprint test in female handball players

Global research trends in youth soccer: A 20-year bibliometric analysis (2005-2025)

Determinants of Match Play’s Top-End Sprint Speed from Female Collegiate Soccer Players

Development and preliminary validation of an electronic reaction training device for assessing Dwi Chagi reaction time and kick accuracy

Within-athlete association between morning on-track peak heart rate and same-day pre-performance salivary cortisol change under dry-track conditions: a multi-season single-case field study in a professional formula racing driver.

Beyond Jump Height: Load-Dependent Effects of Lightweight Wearable Resistance on Countermovement and Drop Jump Biomechanics

Physical profiling in a Swedish hockey league team: positional differences and predictors of sprint performance

Researchers tested 23 players from one professional Swedish ice hockey team on body composition, strength, jumping, sprinting, and aerobic power to see whether physical profiles differ by playing position and what predicts sprint speed. Positions showed no significant differences on any measure, while age and body fat percentage together explained roughly 43-53% of the variation in 5-20 m sprint times.

A real-time correction system for track and field sprinting posture based on machine vision feedback

Researchers built a multi-camera computer-vision system that analyzes a sprinter's running form on the fly and gives correction cues in under 100 milliseconds, tested on 20 short-distance runners indoors. It recognized posture features with 96.3% accuracy, and the group using it improved 100 m times by about 2.87% on average while a biomechanics-based injury risk score dropped about 31.2%, with most of both effects traced to reduced biomechanical load.

Relationships Between Lower Body Anthropometrics and Vertical Force-Velocity Profiles in Collegiate American Football Players

Researchers measured body dimensions (bone breadths, limb girths and ratios) in 16 college American football players and compared them to force-velocity profiles from loaded squat jumps on a force plate. Body measurements were generally unrelated to force-velocity slope or imbalance, but did relate to absolute force and power outputs, with relationships appearing to differ by playing position.

Acute and Short-Term Effects of Real-Time Feedback Neuromuscular Training on Vertical Jump Performance and Reactive Efficiency in Youth Basketball Players

AI-Driven Motion Capture for Health-Oriented Performance Analysis and Training Optimization in Boxing

Researchers put wearable motion sensors on 15 professional and 97 amateur boxers and used machine learning to predict fatigue and training load, then fed those predictions into a system that recommends training adjustments. The fatigue classifier and load model performed well (AUC 0.91 and R² 0.89), and using the recommender reportedly reduced fatigue-related overload episodes by 21.3% and injuries by 13.8%.

Sprint and jump performance responses to curvilinear sprint training with and without a weighted vest in youth female soccer players

Punching performance, physiological responses and lower-limb neuromuscular characteristics in boxing

This systematic review pooled 46 studies (2010-2026) on boxing, looking at punching performance, physiological responses like heart rate, oxygen uptake, blood lactate and perceived exertion, and lower-limb neuromuscular qualities. It found the research is highly inconsistent in methods and outcomes, with punching performance studied most, lower-limb neuromuscular traits studied least, and no study at all measuring muscle-tendon stiffness.

Not all players warm up the same: position-specific external load during standardized pre-match protocol in women’s handball

Researchers tracked 22 women's handball players with GPS-style wearable trackers during 13 official matches and their standardized pre-match warm-ups, comparing physical workload by playing position. Wings racked up the most warm-up load (distance, high-speed running, PlayerLoad) while pivots the least, and the warm-up made up a meaningful chunk of total match-day workload, especially for pivots.

Applications of conductive hydrogels in sports performance monitoring.

Biomechanically-constrained generative adversarial networks for motion skill simulation and error correction in virtual training systems

Researchers built an AI system that generates and critiques movement patterns while enforcing real biomechanical rules, then tested it on motion-capture data from 45 people doing basketball free throws, bodyweight squats and countermovement jumps. It flagged technique faults with 89.4% accuracy versus expert annotation, cut biomechanically implausible frames from 18.7% to 2.7% compared with a standard AI baseline, and trials right after its feedback were rated 23.7% higher by experts, though there was no control group.

Analysis of Cardiorespiratory Endurance Differences Across Playing Positions of Collegiate Rugby 15s Players in Kenya

Researchers tested 31 collegiate rugby 15s players in Kenya on peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and lactate threshold before and after an 8-week endurance conditioning program, comparing forwards with backs. Backs had higher VO2peak (about 48-49 vs 44 ml/min/kg) and higher lactate thresholds than forwards both before and after training, and both groups showed modest improvements after the program.

Impact of Combined Core Strength, Balance and Visual Skill Training on Selected Skill-Related Physical Fitness and Performance Variables of School-Level Badminton Players in Tirupathur District: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Researchers gave school-age badminton players in Tamil Nadu a 12-week programme combining core strength, balance, and visual (eye-tracking/coordination) training, then compared them with players doing their usual training. The trained group showed greater gains in agility, dynamic balance, explosive power, eye-hand coordination, and badminton skill performance than the control group.

Training Load Variables in Elite Youth Soccer: Is a Data Reduction Approach Consistent Across Different Age Groups?

Researchers took 82 training-load metrics (GPS, heart rate, session RPE) collected from 145 elite youth soccer players aged Under-15 to Under-19 and used a statistical method (principal component analysis) to see which metrics could be trimmed away. Seven components explained about 68% of the variation in each age group, but the specific variables kept (24-28) and their importance differed between age groups, so the data-reduction results didn't transfer from one squad to another.

Inter-System Agreement and Reliability of a Gnss-Rtk and Dual-Imu Wearable System for Soccer Performance Monitoring

Researchers had 30 trained male team-sport athletes wear a new GNSS-RTK plus dual-IMU tracker alongside a standard 10-Hz GPS unit during soccer drills, simulated play, and match scenarios, comparing metrics like total distance, peak speed, and speed-zone distances. The two systems agreed closely for total distance (r = 0.89), peak speed (r = 0.84), and high-speed running (r = 0.81) with small biases, and the new system was reliable unit-to-unit (ICC 0.80-0.96), but very high-speed running distance agreed less well (r = 0.65) and varied more (%TEM 11.2-13.2%).

Agreement and reliability of force-plate, smartphone-based, and wearable-sensor countermovement jump assessments for neuromuscular monitoring in male professional volleyball players

Researchers had 20 professional male volleyball players perform two-leg and single-leg countermovement jumps measured at the same time by force plates (VALD), a smartphone app (MyJump Lab 3), and a wearable sensor (Baiobit), then repeated testing 12 days later. The smartphone app read jump height about 1.9-4.2 cm higher than the force plate's impulse-momentum method (a calculation difference, not a timing error), the wearable had bigger individual variability, and the force plate was most reliable for two-leg jumps (ICC 0.929, smallest detectable change ~2.8 cm) while single-leg jumps were less reliable overall.

VR/AR Immersive Training in Dragon and Lion Dance Teaching in Colleges and Universities

Researchers built a VR/AR immersive training system, paired with UWB/IMU motion tracking, to teach dragon and lion dance in universities and to measure team coordination that is normally hard to quantify. The experimental group's coordination efficiency scores on complex movement curves improved by 42.30%, with notable reductions in trajectory deviation and breakdowns in group formation, and tactile feedback was reported as a key factor.

Tracking the game: A scoping review of physical and technical performance metrics in women's football

This scoping review pulled together 91 published studies (plus FIFA reports and open StatsBomb data) on how women's football players perform physically and technically in matches and training. It found that physical match data (mostly from GPS and video) dominates the research, while technical skill measures, training demands, and youth players are barely studied.

Video-based phase analysis of technical errors in fundamental tennis skills among physical education students

Researchers filmed 36 physical education students performing four basic tennis strokes (forehand, backhand, volley, serve) and used video analysis software, with two trained observers scoring technical errors in the preparation, execution, and follow-through phases. The serve produced the most errors (31.1%), followed by the forehand (28.3%), backhand (26.4%), and volley (14.2%), and errors clustered in the execution phase (45.0%), with significant differences between strokes.

Workload, maturation, and injury risk in youth football: A machine learning approach

Researchers tracked 240 male academy football players aged 12-18 for a year, recording GPS-based external load, session RPE internal load, and biological maturity (timing relative to peak height velocity), then used machine learning to predict time-loss injuries in the following week. The model combining workload and maturation predicted injuries best (AUC 0.78) versus load alone (0.76) and demographics alone (0.62), with acute:chronic workload ratio, maturity offset, and weekly high-speed distance the strongest predictors.

Head Acceleration Event Probabilities During Standardised Contact Drills in Academy Men's Rugby League

Researchers fitted 15 academy rugby league players with instrumented mouthguards and filmed three training sessions to measure how often standard contact drills produced head acceleration events (HAEs). Across 1402 drill reps, only about 9% produced an HAE of at least 5 g; standing wrestle drills were highest (41.3%) and tackle shield hits from 1 m lowest (1.3%), tacklers had more HAEs than ball-carriers, and higher-magnitude events (≥25 g) occurred in under 1.1% of reps.

Nordic walking and sprinting enhance lower limb vertical power in Parkinson’s: an exploratory study

Twelve people with Parkinson's disease did an 8-week program of Nordic walking and sprinting, twice a week, while their medication was active. Their countermovement jump height rose from about 6.6 cm to 11.1 cm and their peak lower-limb power from about 21.8 to 25.7 W/kg, both statistically significant with large effect sizes, though there was no control group.

Two-stage posture enhancement and stability modelling for pre-fall risk detection in athletic movements

Researchers built a two-part AI system that cleans up 3D body-skeleton data extracted from ordinary single-camera video and then uses stability measures like trunk lean angle, step frequency variation, and stride variability to flag the moments just before an athlete falls. Tested on annotated fall clips from a public video dataset, the cleanup step made skeleton tracking smoother and more anatomically plausible, and those improved skeletons led to more reliable pre-fall risk predictions.

A quasi-experimental study on responses to mechanical loads following different heart rate-based exercise intensities and water depths in postmenopausal women

Researchers had 19 postmenopausal women perform four types of water jumps (countermovement, lunge, leg-arm open, and skipping) at moderate and high heart-rate-based intensities, in either shallow or deep water, and measured the mechanical loading on the body. Cumulative mechanical load was generally higher in shallow water than deep water at moderate intensity, and average load per jump was consistently higher at moderate than high intensity, with no significant depth-by-intensity interaction.

External Load Volume and Variability Differentially Relate to Internal Load in Soccer

Researchers tracked 35 semi-professional soccer players over two 8-week competitive seasons with GPS and heart-rate monitors, comparing different ways of expressing external workload (weekly totals, monotony, and week-to-week percent change for distance, accelerations, decelerations, and high-speed running) against internal load measured by session RPE and TRIMP. The abstract reports that weekly accumulated total distance was significantly associated with both accumulated session RPE and TRIMP, but the remaining results are cut off.

3D ground reaction force synergy patterns in Wushu Changbing PiJi characterized by multivariate functional principal component analysis

Researchers had 50 elite Wushu athletes perform 14 maximum-effort PiJi strikes with a long staff while measuring the 3D forces their feet applied to the ground, then used a statistical technique to find the underlying movement patterns. They found five main force patterns (explaining 71.2% of the variation): the first two reflected vertical, support-dominant explosive force and its timing sequence, while the other three captured finer side-to-side stabilization, a lateral stability-versus-propulsion trade-off, and forward-backward force regulation.

Trajectories of 10 m Sprint Time and Countermovement Jump Height Relative to Peak Height Velocity in Male Youth Soccer Players.

Researchers tracked 20 academy soccer players (ages ~11-16) for 4-5 years, measuring 10 m sprint times and countermovement jump height and lining up the data against each boy's growth spurt (peak height velocity). Jump height improved fastest just after the growth spurt (about +3 cm per year), while sprint acceleration improved steadily (~0.04 s per year) with no spurt-related surge, and individual gains in jumping and sprinting were unrelated.

Recent advances in the application of artificial intelligence and wearable devices in volleyball

This is a review paper that surveys how artificial intelligence (machine learning and deep learning) and wearable sensors are being used in volleyball to recognize movements, detect events, quantify performance and training load, and predict match outcomes. The authors describe the shift from experience-based analysis (expert eyes, manual stats, video replay) toward data-driven methods, and outline current limitations and future research directions rather than reporting new experimental results.

How Stable Are Temporal EMG Parameters in Rowing? A Seven-Day Test-Retest Reliability Study Using Wearable sEMG.

Researchers had 15 competitive rowers perform two all-out 2000 m trials a week apart while wearing a wireless surface EMG system, then checked how repeatable the timing of muscle activation was across seven major muscles. Muscle activation onset was highly repeatable between sessions and each rower's overall activation waveform stayed very similar, but offset, peak position, and active duration were less consistent; amplitude and active duration both followed a reproducible U-shaped pattern over the course of the trial.

Biomechanical Variables Associated with the First 20 m of the Start Phase in Speed Skaters

Researchers filmed 24 young inline speed skaters (14-16) doing maximal 20 m starts and used statistical modeling to find which body-segment movement variables lined up with faster times. Faster starts were associated with greater thigh speed, thigh angular velocity, torso angular acceleration and forearm inertial force, while higher forearm speed was linked to slower times \u2014 though the authors stress this small, 2D, cross-sectional study is only hypothesis-generating.

A Multivariate Framework for Position-Specific Performance Analytics in Elite Volleyball: Development, Validation, and Applications for Evidence-Based Coaching

Researchers analyzed match data from 300 elite volleyball players across five positions in Indonesia's 2025 Proliga Championship, using a position-specific observation tool and multivariate statistics to test whether technical skills differ by role. Position strongly predicted technical performance: setters led in setting quality, opposites in attack effectiveness, middle blockers in blocking, and liberos in serve reception and defense.

Advances in wearable sensing technologies and intelligent systems for healthcare and fitness.

This is a review article surveying recent developments in wearable sensors and AI-driven systems used to track health and fitness data, covering sensor types, device designs, and data analysis methods. It describes the potential of these tools for continuous monitoring, rehabilitation, and personalized feedback, but it summarizes the field rather than reporting new experimental results.

Effects of high-intensity interval cross training and classical training on physical and sprint performance in male junior sprinters

Researchers split 64 male junior sprinters into two groups for 8 weeks: one did high-intensity interval cross training (HIICT, mixing sprints, plyometrics, and functional strength work) and the other did classical sprint training, with both groups matched for overall training effort. The HIICT group showed better improvements in 100 m sprint time, the first 60 m split, ground contact time, countermovement jump, relative peak power, and power clean, while body composition and most strength measures improved similarly in both groups.

Assessing Sprint Mechanical Outputs Derived from LPS, Radar and Laser Technologies in Basketball.

Researchers had 22 elite youth basketball players run maximal 28 m indoor sprints while simultaneously measuring them with a Kinexon local positioning system (LPS), radar, and laser, then compared the sprint speed and acceleration values each produced. Radar and laser agreed closely on top speed, while LPS consistently read speed about 5-6% higher, and acceleration-related measures (A0 and Tau) differed most between systems; all three, however, were repeatable trial-to-trial.

The workout is not the program: Physiological load, repeatability, and consistency in endurance training

This is a coaching/physiology commentary arguing that endurance workouts should be judged by the physiological load they create rather than by their format or name. The authors contend that differently structured sessions (e.g., 5 times1000m vs. 5 times3 minutes at threshold with matched recovery) can produce comparable training stimulus when intensity, duration, total work, and recovery are matched, while factors like terrain, surface, weather, and athlete readiness still shift the specific cost.

AI-POWERED SMART FOOTBALL PLAYER PERFORMANCE MONITORING USING IOT WEARABLE SENSORS: A SECONDARY RESEARCH STUDY

This is a literature review that gathers existing research on combining wearable IoT sensors with artificial intelligence to monitor football players' physiology, movement, training load, and injury risk. It aims to map out what technologies exist, how they're used, their strengths and limitations, and future directions, but the abstract reports no specific findings or conclusions.

Validations and applications of markerless motion capture using OpenCap: a scoping review

This scoping review pooled 51 studies on OpenCap, a free smartphone-based markerless motion capture system, to assess how accurately it measures movement and where it can be used. Compared with lab-standard systems, OpenCap was most accurate for sagittal-plane (side-view) measures, for the lower body rather than the upper body, in healthy rather than clinical populations, and during squats and walking rather than jumping.

Interpretable multimodal machine learning for injury risk stratification in adolescent athletes: integrating kinematic, physiological, and load data with SHAP/LIME explainability.

Researchers combined movement (kinematic), physiological, and training-load data from 320 adolescent athletes and tested ten machine-learning models to classify lower-limb injury risk. A simple logistic regression performed best (86.9% accuracy), and interpretability tools consistently flagged peak hip adduction angle, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, and dynamic knee valgus as the top risk indicators, though the risk labels came from a composite score rather than actual tracked injuries.

Rapid atlas-based predictions of regional brain strain simulations from wearable head kinematics using diffusion MRI-informed machine learning.

Researchers built personalised computer models of ten high school rugby players' brains from MRI scans, then trained machine learning models to predict how brain tissue stretches during head impacts recorded by instrumented mouthguards. Using just 150 head acceleration events per athlete for training, the models predicted regional brain strain over time with R² values of 75-87% and low error, closely matching the far slower full simulations.

Game exposure shapes intensity and performance in Division I college football.

Researchers tracked GPS/accelerometer workload for 232 Division I college football players across 10 seasons (over 4,000 player-games) to see how much playing time changes measured game demands. Players who played more snaps accumulated more total load, but their load per snap was actually lower; for offensive players higher total load was linked to better performance, while for defenders more running and sprinting per snap was linked to worse performance.

Competition and training load of high-level competitive non-motorised surface water sports athletes: a scoping review of athlete monitoring methodology.

This scoping review mapped 22 studies on how elite athletes in non-motorised surface water sports (like rowing, surfing, sailing and canoeing) have their training and competition load monitored. It found that most research relies on heart rate for internal load (71%) and GPS for external load (47%), but these tools were borrowed from land and ergometer settings and haven't been validated against water-specific conditions like wind, waves and current.

A generative adversarial network framework for individualized training load distribution based on physiological response patterns and injury risk prediction

Researchers built an AI system (a GAN-inspired model) that reads athletes' training loads, heart rate variability, sleep, neuromuscular tests, wellness ratings and blood markers to generate personalized seven-day training plans, testing it on 128 elite athletes over 16 months. The AI's plans were rated by experts as roughly comparable to coach-designed plans, and its use was associated with better training efficiency, fewer overtraining markers, better performance trends and fewer non-contact injuries — but the study wasn't randomized, contact injuries didn't differ, and blood markers were hardest to predict.

The effects of 8-week wearable resistance training on neuromuscular adaptations in soccer players

Thirty trained male college soccer players did 8 weeks of normal technical-tactical training, with half wearing light weights (2% of body mass on the legs) three sessions per week and half wearing unloaded placebo garments. The weighted group improved more in 10-m and 30-m sprints, jump height, and rate of force development, while maximal strength and muscle size/architecture didn't change, and perceived training load was similar between groups.

Effect of Training Load and Recovery Time on Neuromuscular Performance in Elite Youth Soccer Players

Researchers tracked 75 elite youth male soccer players (U16-U18) over six months, measuring countermovement jump height before, 24 hours after, and 48 hours after moderate- and high-intensity training weeks. High-intensity weeks caused the biggest drop in jump performance at 24 hours, with only partial recovery by 48 hours, and bigger drops were seen in players whose recent workload spiked relative to their usual load (high acute-to-chronic workload ratio).

The effect of squat training with different eccentric contraction tempos on lower limb muscle strength

Thirty sports-training students did squats twice a week for 8 weeks using one of three lowering speeds: a slow 4-second eccentric, a 2-second eccentric, or a self-selected tempo, and were tested on max squat strength, jump height, and 30 m sprint. All groups got stronger with no significant difference between them, but the 2-second eccentric group showed the biggest effect sizes for strength and the clearest gains in countermovement jump, squat jump, and sprint performance, while the 4-second group's jump effects were negative.

Validity and Reliability of a 3-Point Load-Velocity Profile for Predicting Hex Bar Deadlift 1 Repetition Maximum.

Researchers had 19 trained lifters do both a traditional hex bar deadlift 1RM test and a quick submaximal test using three loads, measuring bar speed to estimate maximal strength. The estimate matched actual 1RM closely on average (explaining ~97.5% of variance) and the theoretical max load measure was very repeatable between sessions, but individual predictions could be off by up to about 15.7 kg, so the two methods aren't interchangeable.

Competition-level and positional differences in match running performance of Vietnamese professional soccer players: a GPS-based season analysis.

Researchers used 10 Hz GPS trackers to measure the running output of 160 Vietnamese professional footballers across 57 matches in the top two leagues over the 2024-2025 season, comparing competition levels and playing positions. Top-tier (V-League 1) players covered significantly more high-speed running and sprint distance and recorded higher top speeds, accelerations and decelerations, and running measures also differed significantly by position; the authors propose a composite performance score for profiling players.

Feasibility and preliminary agreement of a lower-volume, pool-based incremental swimming protocol in trained male university swimmers: a pilot study.

Researchers tested whether a shorter swim test (50-100-150-200 m) could stand in for the standard, much longer 7 x 200 m incremental step test in ten trained male university swimmers. The short test was practical to run and matched the long one reasonably well for swimming velocity and stroke-mechanics measures, but agreed poorly on completion time, peak heart rate, and lactate change, so it isn't a direct substitute.

Predicting 2,000-meter rowing ergometer performance with 7-stroke peak power, 20-Second, and 60-Second maximal effort tests in NCAA DI female rowers.

Researchers tested 40 NCAA Division I female rowers on three short all-out rowing ergometer efforts (a 7-stroke peak power test, a 20-second test, and a 60-second test) and compared the results to their 2,000-meter erg times. Average power in the 60-second test was the strongest single predictor of 2k time (R² = 0.611, r = -0.78), followed by the 20-second test (R² = 0.536), while the 7-stroke peak power test was the weakest (R² = 0.417).

The effects of velocity-based vs. percentage-based resistance training on sports performance in trained individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing velocity-based against percentage-based resistance training for strength, jump, sprint, and change-of-direction performance.

Individualized responses to velocity-based versus percentage-based resistance training in combat sports athletes: the influence of baseline characteristics

Trial examining how athletes' baseline characteristics influence their individual responses to velocity-based versus percentage-based resistance training in combat sports.